Stats problems
Question 1
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Q1 - Suppose in the population, the Anger-Out score for men is two points higher than it is for women. The population variances for men and women are both 20. Assume the Anger-Out scores for both genders are normally distributed. Given this information about the population parameters:
(a) What is the
mean of the sampling distribution of the difference between means? (relevant section)
(b) What is the standard error of the difference between means? (relevant section)
(c) What is the probability that you would have gotten this mean difference
(see #24) or less in your sample?
Q2 - Calculate the 95% confidence interval for the difference between the mean Anger-In score for the athletes and non-athletes. What can you conclude?
Q3 - a)
What is the 95% confidence interval on the difference between means?
(b) Based on your confidence interval, can you reject the null hypothesis at
the .05 level?
(c) What do you conclude?
Is there a difference in how much males and females use aggressive behavior to improve an angry mood? For the "Anger-Out" scores, compare the means for each gender.
Anger-Out Case study
Case study prepared by: Emily Zitek
Overview
People have different ways of improving their mood when angry. We have all seen
people punch a wall when mad, and indeed, previous research has indicated that
some people aggress to improve their mood (Bushman, Baumeister & Phillips,
2001). What do the top athletes do when angry? Striegel (1994) found that anger
often hurts an athlete’s performance and that capability to control anger is
what makes good athletes even better. This study adds to the past research and
examines the difference in ways to improve an angry mood by gender and sports
participation.
(a)
The participants were 78 Rice
University undergraduates, ages 17 to 23. Of these 78 participants, 48 were
females and 30 were males and 25 were athletes and 53 were non-athletes. People
who did not play a varsity or club sport were considered non-athletes. The 13
contact sport athletes played soccer, football, rugby, or basketball, and the
12 non-contact sport athletes participated in Ultimate Frisbee, baseball,
tennis, swimming, volleyball, crew, or dance.
The participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire that asked about what
they do to improve their mood when angry or furious. Then they filled out a
demographics questionnaire.
Note:This study used the most recent version of the State-Trait
Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, Sydeman, Owen & Marsh,
1999) which was modified to create an Angry Mood Improvement Inventory similar
to that created by Bushman et al. (2001).
(b)
Design Issues
This study has an extremely unbalanced design. There were a lot more
non-athletes than athletes in the sample. In the future, more athletes should
be used. This study originally wanted to look at contact and non-contact
athletes separately, but there were not enough participants to do this. Future
studies could look at this.
Descriptions of Variables
|
Variable |
Description |
|
Sports |
1 = athletes, 2 = non-athletes |
|
Gender |
1 = males, 2 = females |
|
Anger-Out (AO) |
high scores demonstrate that people deal with anger by expressing it in a verbally or physically aggressive fashion |
|
Anger-In |
high scores demonstrate that people experience anger but do not express it (suppress their anger) |
|
Control-Out (CO) |
high scores demonstrate that people control the outward expression of angry feelings |
|
Control-In (CI) |
high scores demonstrate that people control angry feelings by calming down or cooling off |
|
Expression (AE) |
index of general
anger expression: |
(c) Note: Description of the items comes from Spielberger et al. (1999).
|
References |
|
Bushman, B.J., Baumeister, R.F. & Phillips, C.M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17-32. Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., Marsh, B. J. (1999).Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed., pp. 993-1021). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Striegel, D. (1994). Anger in tennis: Part 2. Effects of anger on performance, coping with anger, and using anger to one’s benefit. Journal of Performance Psychology, 2, 56-92. |
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