Attachment # 00006122 - Assignment_3.docx
Assignment_3.docx (20.97 KB)
Raw Preview of Attachment:
(refer to the detailed question and attachment below)
Assignment 1From Sea Squirts to Otters...For the Case Assignment in Module 3, you will compare the taxonomic classification of two organisms within the Phylum Chordata:  the sea squirt and the sea otter.  Use this site to accomplish your research:University of California Museum of Paleontology, UC Berkeleyhttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.htmlThis link will bring you to the "Welcome to the Phylogeny Wing" page where you will begin your orientation to the website.Follow the links in each of the "four ways to get started" listed on this page.  Use your back button to return to the "Welcome to the Phylogeny Wing" page each time.Read the content on the pages that numbers 1, 2, and 3 link to.  Finally, complete your research on the taxonomic classification of sea squirts and sea otters using the link within step 4:  Web Lift to Taxa.  This is the same link as "tree of life" at the bottom of the page.Within the Tree of Life/Taxon Lift, you will be able to find information about the classification of the sea squirt and the sea otter, two chordates.  First select the appropriate Kingdom that the Phylum Chordata belongs to (you can refer back to our home page - remember, WE are chordates).  You will access the rest of the necessary webpages from this list.Case AssignmentFor this Case Assignment, you are required to use the UCMP website and links accessed via this website ONLY.  Using this resource write a 3-4 page paper on the taxonomic classification of sea squirts and otters that includes the following for each organism:Part I:  Sea SquirtOnce you find the "Chordata" link within the correct Kingdom page, notice the subphyla listed beneath it.  Take note of which subphyla the sea squirt belongs to (you will see it in parentheses next to the correct name).   Next click on the "Chordata" link and select "Systematics." List the Kingdom and Phylum, for the sea squirt and then briefly describe the characteristics that determine the organism's classification at each taxonomic level.   Why is the sea squirt classified in the same phylum as a sea otter?Click on the "Life History & Ecology" tab to read more about Urochordates.  What is another name that is used to describe them?  Briefly describe the adult versus larval phase of its life cycle. Part II:  Sea OtterList the Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.  Summarize the descriptions that are provided in each web page for the taxonomic group and use the website address and the TITLE of the page to cite your source.  For example, if you summarize the Mammalia page, use this citation after your summary of the content (Hall of Mammals, http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/help/taxaform.html). Use a similar format to describe the taxonomic groups that this individual belong to as was used on the Home page for this Module.  Be sure to take notes on each step of your classification as you complete the following instructions:Return to the Tree of Life page using the link at the bottom of the page.  Select the correct Kingdom for Phylum Chordata.  From this page, now think about what subphyla within Chordata would an otter belong to (HINT:  Does it have a vertebral column? Is it more like a koala bear or a primitive fish?). Select the correct subphylum from this list.Now select the correct Class.  On the page you will notice links that lead to fish, amphibia, reptiles, and mammals.  Think about which best represents the sea otter (HINT:  Does it have hair, scales, or a slimy skin?  Is it warm-blooded "homeothermic" or cold-blooded "poikilothermic?").  If you can't decide, try each link until you find characteristics that match those of the sea otter.Once you have selected the correct Class, a list of Orders will open next to it.  Consider the sea otter's diet.  Does it eat vegetables such as sea weed, or meat such as oysters, mussels, and clams?  Is it more like whale, horse, elephant, bat, or cat? If you can't decide try some of the links until you narrow it down. Select the corresponding Order and make note of it.   Determine which Family, Genus and species describe the otter select "Systematics" at the bottom of the page.When you enter the "Systematics" page for the sea otter, select the link for "International Sea Otter Survival Fund" to learn more about the family and genus characteristics and classification.  Use the links "About Otters" and then "Otter Species" from this page to answer the following questions:To what family do otter-like animals belong?Using the Species List, what is the difference between the Sea Otter and the Marine otter?  List the genus and species for each. What threats do the Sea Otter and Marine otter face as species?Part III:  Explore the UCMP SiteFollow two additional links within the UCMP website.  This is your choice and your opportunity to explore this very cool resource provided by UC Berkeley.  The links within UCMP do not have to be related to either sea squirts or otters, but you must include the web address (and it must be within the ucmp.berkeley.edu domain!) and a brief description of what you learned on that page.Assignment ExpectationsThis Case Assignment should be entirely completed with the UC Berkeley UCMP website: http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html.  Points will be deducted for results reported from general Google searches or homework pages.  When summarizing the information you read from the UCMP site, be sure to synthesize the information into your own words, and cite the reference using the title of the webpage and its web address.   Please use complete sentences and write your paper in essay format using Part I, II, and III as headings, and the topics within each as subheadings.Assignment 2OverviewAs you have learned in Modules 1 and 2, prokaryotes share many common features that differentiate them from eukaryotes, such as:Lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size.As introduced on the Home page of Module 3, various species differ and can be classified into taxonomic groups based on several characteristics. One characteristic commonly used to differentiate an organism as belonging to one species or another is the potential for the individuals to reproduce sexually and produce viable offspring. However, this characteristic cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and so their identification and classification is often determined based on:Phylogeny: All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatednessMetabolism: Different bacteria may have different metabolic abilitiesEnvironment: Different bacteria thrive in different environments, such as high/low temperature and saltMorphology: There are many structural differences between bacteria, such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer compositionPathogenicity: Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animalsAll microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass:autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2)heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compoundsmixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions:lithotrophic– reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compoundsorganotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing:chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compoundsphototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows:chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. ie: Nitrifying bacteriaphotolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds.For example: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. Cyanobacteria split water, H2O, molecules and use the electrons to reduce carbon in photosynthesis. Water is the electron donor.  However, Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae are also photosynthetic autotrophs, but they use hydrogen sulfide H2S as the electron donor, or reducing equivalent donor.chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions by breaking apart organic compounds (made by photoautotrophs). Examples: most bacteria, e. g.Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteriaphotoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas,Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)For this SLP assignment, you will continue to analyze the paper by Urakawa et al. (2012) by considering the characteristics that allow us to classify the prokaryotic organisms in this study as belonging to different Domains. You will use the website:http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.htmlUC Berkeley's virtual exhibit hall and resource on taxonomy and phylogeny, to complete this assignment.SLP AssignmentReview your definitions of Archaea and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria from Module 1. Begin athttp://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibit/phylogeny.html, webpage titled "Welcome to the Phylogeny Wing. Select the link "Phylogeny of Life" within the first of the "four ways to get started." You will an overview of the relationship between DNA and the Three Domains of Life. Use this page to begin the research necessary to address these topics in a 3-4 page paper:What general characteristics determine whether a prokaryote belongs to the Archaea or Bacteria domain?Define DNA and RNA. What role do DNA and RNA play in this determination? What role does the metabolism play in classifying Nitrosococcus oceani and Nitrosopumilus maritimusas Archaea or Bacteria? Do either of these organisms normally thrive in an environment where crude oil is abundant?  What other microbes live in this type of environment?
Tutorials for this Question
  1. Professor A plus
    Tutorial # 00069729 Posted By: Professor A plus Posted on: 06/09/2015 09:35 PM
    Puchased By: 3
    Tutorial Preview
    The solution of Prokaryotic relationship...
      Get the Solution
    Attachments
    sea_squir.docx (19.87 KB)
    Assignment_2._finale_.docx (16.02 KB)
Whatsapp Lisa