Trident ANT100 case and assignments

1.) Chronic Stress and Behavioral Response

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Continue your investigation of the effects of stress on brain function and behavior. Read more about the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex in these articles:

“How to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain” in Psychology Today

“Stress Effects on Structure and Function of Hippocampus,” by the Rockefeller University

Instructions: Answer the following questions in paragraph format to write an essay about the findings reported by these articles:

Introduction Paragraph:

First, do some research on how theamygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex communicate and result in normal behavioral response. You will begin your reading on the amygdala by following the previous link. After reading this section, click on the following link:several other structures in the brain to read about the interactions between these three regions. Briefly describe this pathway and the behavior that results from the interaction of these regions, using 2-3 sentences. This will help you to introduce the content that you will address in the sections below.

Body Paragraph 1

Summarize the effects of glucocorticoids on the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex reported in the articleHow to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain.

Body Paragraphs 2 and 3

What effect on hippocampal cells have stress hormones had in recent studies described byStress Effects on Structure and Function of Hippocampus? What effect have they had on the amygdala in studies? What are the implications of these effects? HINT: What are the functions of the regions and how might they be affected by changes in their structure?

Body Paragraph 4

What is neurogenesis and where does it occur in the brain? What effect on the regeneration of hippocampal cells is reported in the previous article? What is the mechanism?

Conclusion Paragraph 1

Summarize the effects of cortisol on this pathway by describing how PTSD can result from perpetuated cortisol release and how this can result in depression by activating and/or reinforcingdepression pathways.

Conclusion Paragraph 2

Describe the methods proposed to counteract the negative effects of chronic stress inHow to Prevent Stress from Shrinking Your Brain.

SLP Assignment Expectations

For this assignment, write an essay using the outline above. You are provided with many scholarly references to complete this assignment. Use APA formatting for your sources and include a References section that lists these and any additional sources you used. For any additional research you are required to do to complete your assignment, please use scholarly references such as a peer-reviewed journal article or a government-sponsored or university-sponsored website. As you read through your sources, take notes and then write your paper in your own words, describing what you have learned from your research. Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit.

2.) Stress and the Immune Response - 1

Assignment Overview

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STOP!!! BE SURE YOU HAVE READ THE CONTENT ON THE HOME PAGE AND ALL LINKS THERE!You will need this information to continue with this assignment.

Now that you know about the immune response, re-read the articleThe Physiology of Stress: Cortisol and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis (from the case study in Module 2) in more detail and focus specifically on the section related to the immune system. Using this as a starting point, complete the requirements below using paragraph format to address each topic:

Case Assignment

Introduction

Note that the inflammatory response is mentioned in the article. The hallmark of theinnate immune response is inflammation. Inflammation is any activity that causes tissue damage such as getting a cut in your skin or stubbing a toe. Infections from pathogens can also lead to inflammation. Inflammation has four key characteristics: heat, redness, pain, and swelling. The release of damaged cellular contents into the site of injury is enough to stimulate the response. The inflammatory reaction brings in phagocytic cells (like macrophages) to the damaged area to clear away cellular debris and prepare the site for repair. See the image below which summarizes the inflammatory response:

Ketchum, H. & Bright, E.Barrier Defenses and the Innate Immune Response by OpenStax. Accessed on August 9, 2016 at https://cnx.org/contents/Q5uuq7jF@2/OU-Human-Physiology-Barrier-De

Paragraph 1: PTSD and the Complement System

Now compare the findings mentioned in the Dartmouth article to the findings in this study onStress and Anxiety. Address the following questions:

1. How did these articles discuss the role of B and T cells in the immune response to stress?
2. What did each article (“The Physiology of Stress” from Module 2 mentioned above and the “Stress and Anxiety” link) find about the relationship between stress and inflammation?

Paragraph 2: Inflammatory

Response and the Brain

Finally, readThe Consequences of the Inflamed Brain and draw connections between the inflammatory response and brain function and behavior. How are the central nervous system and the immune system interconnected? How does the inflammatory response affect mood and behavior?

Which component of the nervous system reacts to an infection? What are the implications for mood and behavior if the inflammatory response is prolonged? What types of things might cause the inflammatory response to become prolonged or exaggerated?

Paragraph 3: Conclusions

To complete this assignment, discuss the overall influence of stress on the immune system and mental functioning (including potential links to depression).

Assignment Expectations

You are provided with many scholarly references to complete this assignment. Complete your assignment addressing the paragraph questions above in essay format. Include a References section in APA format that lists these and any additional sources you used. Use the paragraph headings above as subtitles for each section you address in your paper. For any additional research you are required to do to complete your assignment, please use scholarly references such as a peer-reviewed journal article or a government-sponsored or university-sponsored website. As you read through your sources, take notes from them and then write your paper in your own words, describing what you have learned from your research. Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit.

3.) Stress and the Immune Response - 2

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The readings you accomplished for Module 3’s Case Assignment are quite new scientific theories that are currently being tested by scientists who are trying to figure out why individuals suffer from many immune-related issues such as fatigue, chronic pain, and even cancer. The scientific and medical communities have collected a lot of evidence that stress (and even inflammation) plays a very big role in these conditions. We still have a long way to go and a lot of unanswered questions.

The Dartmouth study in Case 3 gave you an introduction to thescientific method(watch the previous hyperlink for an overview of how the scientific method is used to gather data and analyze results). The “gold standard” of research design is often a “true experimental design” because it uses control and experimental groups which produce data that is analyzed statistically. Below you can read about another example of research design called a case study. There are many ways to conduct a study depending on budget, time, resources and the questions being asked. There are pros and cons to each. You can review different types of research methods at the following site:https://explorable.com/research-designs. Note the differences in true experimentaldesigns versus case studies as you will contrast them later in this assignment. After you view thislinked animation about the scientific method, read the following case study and complete the questions following this assignment:

Case Study

Derek is a 25-year-old male who recently moved back in with his parents after his girlfriend was killed by a drunk driver 2 months ago. He had been dating his girlfriend for the past 3.5 years. As she was walking across a busy intersection to meet him for lunch, she was hit by a passing vehicle. He still vividly remembers the horrifying scene as the drunk driver ran the red light, plowing down his girlfriend right before his eyes. He ran to the scene, embracing her crumpled body as she died in his arms in the middle of the crosswalk. He keeps trying to erase the scene from his memory, but can’t seem to stop reliving the entire incident as if it was happening all over.

Derek has been having nightmares about the accident almost every night since the accident. He had to quit his job because his office was located in the building right next to the little café where he was meeting his girlfriend for lunch the day she died. The few times he attempted to return to work were unbearable for him. He has since avoided that entire area of town.

Normally an outgoing, fun-loving guy, Derek has become increasingly withdrawn and irritable since his girlfriend’s death. He’s stopped going to the gym, playing his guitar, or going out with his friends – all activities he once really enjoyed. His parents worry about how detached and emotionally flat he’s become.

Answer the following questions in essay format about Derek’s condition:

• Observation: What are some of the observations you can make about Derek’s current state of health and well-being based on the information you have?
• Question: What question (or questions) would you formulate about his condition to help you arrive at a diagnosis?
• Hypothesis: What do you currently know about short- and long-term stress and its effects on the body that can help you arrive at a hypothesis about his condition? Incorporate your knowledge of stress and inflammation to help you develop at least one hypothesis concerning his condition.
• Experiment: How could you collect data to help you answer your questions above? Remember, you do not have a control in this scenario, so you must evaluate the case based on Derek’s symptoms alone. Do a bit of research on the technology available today that could help you evaluate his condition. Examples of new technology include brain imaging, blood chemistry, hormone level tests, CAT scans, MRIs, and DNA mapping.
• Result: Now that you have some additional information, briefly and in simple terms, describe how you would test any missing information about Derek’s condition.
• Conclusion: Do you have any conclusions regarding what condition Derek may be suffering from? Review different types of research methods at the following site:https://explorable.com/research-designs. Research and describe some of the strengths and weaknesses of the case study design under “Descriptive Methods”. How would you contrast the case study design with a true experimental design (found under the heading “Experimental Designs).

SLP Assignment Expectations

For this SLP assignment, answer all questions in an essay format. Answer each question under the subtitle “Observation”, “Hypothesis”, etc. using complete sentences that relate back to the question. Use APA formatting to cite any sources used and be sure to include a reference section at the end of your assignment that lists any resources you used to complete your answers. Please use scholarly references such as a peer-reviewed journal article or a government-sponsored or university-sponsored website. As you read, take notes from your sources and then write your paper in your own words, describing what you have learned from your research. Direct quotes should be limited and must be designated by quotation marks. Paraphrased ideas must give credit to the original author, for example (Murray, 2014). Direct copying from “homework help” websites will not receive credit.