Replications in experimental research are generally

1. Replications in experimental research are generally conducted to facilitate

a.

internal validity

b.

external validity

c.

internal reliability

d.

external reliability

2 points

QUESTION 2

The threat to validity defined as the effects of the occurrence of events that are not part of the treatment but affect the independent variable is

a.

testing

b.

history

c.

statistical regression

d.

instrumentation

2 points

QUESTION 3

Russell's study compared GPA of students who volunteered for academic study skills training and those that did not elect to take the training. He found that those who had training also had higher GPA. With which validity threat should Russell be most concerned?

a.

Maturation

b.

Instrumentation

c.

History

d.

Selection

2 points

QUESTION 4

One benefit of the alternating treatment design is that

a.

there are rarely carryover effects

b.

no baseline data are necessary

c.

there is higher external validity than other designs

d.

the need for researcher intervention is diminished

2 points

QUESTION 5

In single subject research, the most important type of significance is

a.

generalized significance

b.

statistical significance

c.

effect size significance

d.

clinical significance

2 points

QUESTION 6

All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT

a.

lack of randomization

b.

manipulation of independent variable

c.

time to conduct the study

d.

control of research variables

2 points

QUESTION 7

1. Of the following, which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study

a.

mathematics achievement

b.

time to complete a problem

c.

amount of content learned from instructional materials

d.

type of instructional treatment administered

2 points

QUESTION 8

1. One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that casual-comparative studies can examine ________________ while experimental studies cannot.

a.

more than one dependent variable

b.

causal relationships among variables

c.

variables that should not be manipulated

d.

variables that can be manipulated

2 points

QUESTION 9

1. The mean and standard deviation are examples of

a.

statistics

b.

parameters

c.

data forms

d.

assessment indices

2 points

QUESTION 10

Inferential statistics are generally concerned with

a.

how well the sample represents the population

b.

whether the correct statistical test is used for analysis

c.

the internal validity of the research design

d.

the consequential validity of the dependent measures

2 points

QUESTION 11

1. One benefit of conducting a two tailed test is that

a.

it allows for greater region of rejection than a one tailed test

b.

it allows for differences in groups in either direction

c.

it is easier to obtain significant differences between groups

d.

it is easier to reject the null hypothesis than for a one tailed test

2 points

QUESTION 12

1. In both the t test and an ANOVA, the differences between groups is represented as the

a.

numerator in the equation

b.

denominator in the equation

c.

error in the equation

d.

treatment variance in the equation

2 points

QUESTION 13

1. George is comparing different types of keyboarding instruction. In one group he used a classroom based method, while for the other group he used a computer based training program. After six weeks of treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for George to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences?

a.

Independent t test

b.

Dependent t test

c.

Difference scores

d.

ANOVA

2 points

QUESTION 14

1. The purpose of an ethnographic research project that examines study hall behaviors might be to

a.

understand the nature of students' study hall behaviors

b.

report the number of study hall minutes wasted by typical sophomore students

c.

prove study hall should be mandated for all students

d.

show the relationship between study hall time and academic achievement

2 points

QUESTION 15

1. Of the following, which is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research?

a.

ethnographic research may be conducted with just one case

b.

ethnographic research is most often completed in an atypical context

c.

ethnographic research frames human behavior within a sociopolitical context

d.

Ethnographic research uses culture as a lens to interpret findings

2 points

QUESTION 16

1. Your text indicates that the first step in analyzing data in any qualitative study is __________ the data

a.

interpreting

b.

coding

c.

managing

d.

classifying

2 points

QUESTION 17

1. In a distribution with a mean of 28 and a standard deviation of 2, almost all of the scores fall between

a.

22-34

b.

24-32

c.

22-30

d.

26-30

2 points

QUESTION 18

1. Jack wants to test if students with LD improve their reading scores with his new teaching method. He takes their scores at the beginning of the term and again at the end. Which of the following designs is Jack illustrating?

a.

One-shot case study

b.

One-group pretest-posttest design

c.

Pretest-posttest control group design

d.

Time series design

2 points

QUESTION 19

1. In Jack's study above, students who improved their reading scores due to reading in general and not necessarily due to Jack's new teaching method are an example of which threat?

a.

Selection

b.

Maturation

c.

History

d.

Instrumentation

2 points

QUESTION 20

1. What type of experimental design is symbolized as follows:

O X O

O O

a.

Static group comparison

b.

Posttest only control group design

c.

pretest - posttest control group design

d.

One shot case study design

2 points

QUESTION 21

1. Standardized test scores are often given as percentile ranks. These data are considered_________ level measurement.

a.

nominal

b.

ordinal

c.

interval

d.

ratio

2 points

QUESTION 22

1. The level of data/measurement represented by the variable "previous class experience" with options "yes/no" is

a.

nominal

b.

ordinal

c.

interval

d.

ratio

2 points

QUESTION 23

1. Jennifer is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with Kent, a student with behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same day, going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on-task behavior. What type of design is Jennifer using?

a.

Multiple baseline

b.

Alternating treatment

c.

Time series

d.

Treatment withdrawal

2 points

QUESTION 24

1. In Jennifer's study above (previous question), one of the primary validity threats that Jennifer's study controls is

a.

order effects

b.

selection effects

c.

reversal effects

d.

history effects

2 points

QUESTION 25

1. The benefits of Jennifer's design in the previous two questions include all of the following EXCEPT

a.

no withdrawal is necessary

b.

no baseline is necessary

c.

treatment interference is controlled

d.

more than one treatment is considered

2 points

QUESTION 26

1. A primary concern with the Treatment--Baseline--Treatment design (B--A--B) is

a.

the participant ends the study without treatment

b.

there is no initial baseline

c.

participant mortality

d.

history effects

2 points

QUESTION 27

1. Of the following, the most common data source in a qualitative study is

a.

email

b.

survey data

c.

observation

d.

document analysis

2 points

QUESTION 28

1. Melanie is a qualitative researcher studying veteran teachers' perceptions of Indiana's new teacher certification standards. Which of the following is NOT likely part of her primary data sources

a.

Interviews with veteran teachers

b.

Observations of teachers' union meetings where the new standards are discussed

c.

Articles written in the popular press by teachers who are participants in her study

d.

The test scores of the districts' students who have veteran teachers

2 points

QUESTION 29

1. For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed by in a school?

a.

district school board

b.

teachers conducting the research

c.

parents of children in the district

d.

the children in the school district

2 points

QUESTION 30

1. Which of the following is the best example of an action research study for Ron, a third grade teacher, to pursue?

a.

The decrease in the school's scores on the state-wide third grade math achievement test.

b.

The effectiveness of a new creative writing program he has implemented in his classroom.

c.

The effects of the recent publication of third-grade teachers' qualifications by the local media.

d.

An examination of the nutritional needs of his students based on new national guidelines.

2 points

QUESTION 31

1. Nick, a qualitative researcher, is finalizing his research report. He need's to add a piece about his purposive sampling technique. Where should he place this information?

a.

Results

b.

Discussion/Conclusion

c.

Participants/Subjects

d.

Instruments

2 points

QUESTION 32

1. Judy forgot to mention that she used a 7 point Likert Scale in her study. This omission is a weakness in which section of her report?

a.

Participants

b.

Design and Procedures

c.

Instruments

d.

Results

2 points

QUESTION 33

1. The primary role of the IRB is to

a.

ensure researchers are aware of the federal and state laws regarding the handling of student data

b.

ensure protection of research participants from harm and invasion of privacy

c.

provide institution specific ethical guidelines for the use of human subjects

d.

uphold ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association

2 points

QUESTION 34

1. Stan is interested in determining how inclusion practices today could be improved by determining weaknesses in the old mainstreaming movement. He will most likely conduct a

a.

Qualitative research study

b.

Correlation research study

c.

Historical research study

d.

Survey research study

2 points

QUESTION 35

1. If a null hypothesis is rejected it means

a.

the treatment causes significant differences

b.

there are no differences between treatments

c.

any differences between treatments are due to sampling error

d.

the differences found between groups are not due to chance

2 points

QUESTION 36

1. A primary concern with the reversal design (ABAB) is:

a.

the participant ends the study without treatment

b.

used with only one participant at a time

c.

participant mortality

d.

Ethical treatment

2 points

QUESTION 37

1. For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed by in a school?

a.

district school board

b.

teachers conducting the research

c.

parents of children in the district

d.

the children in the school district

2 points

QUESTION 38

In a distribution with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 4, approximately 16% of scores will fall below:

a.

26

b.

28

c.

23

d.

13

2 points

QUESTION 39

1. Sarah was interested in the opinion of teachers regarding high stakes testing. She sent out a questionnaire to over 500 teachers across her state and received a good return rate. She will most likely analyze her results using:

Chi Square

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient

T Test

ANOVA

2 points

QUESTION 40

1. A very conservative researcher would most likely use a p value of ___ or less before rejecting the null hypothesis.

.10

.20

.01

.05

QUESTION 1

1. Replications in experimental research are generally conducted to facilitate

a.

internal validity

b.

external validity

c.

internal reliability

d.

external reliability

2 points

QUESTION 2

The threat to validity defined as the effects of the occurrence of events that are not part of the treatment but affect the independent variable is

a.

testing

b.

history

c.

statistical regression

d.

instrumentation

2 points

QUESTION 3

Russell's study compared GPA of students who volunteered for academic study skills training and those that did not elect to take the training. He found that those who had training also had higher GPA. With which validity threat should Russell be most concerned?

a.

Maturation

b.

Instrumentation

c.

History

d.

Selection

2 points

QUESTION 4

One benefit of the alternating treatment design is that

a.

there are rarely carryover effects

b.

no baseline data are necessary

c.

there is higher external validity than other designs

d.

the need for researcher intervention is diminished

2 points

QUESTION 5

In single subject research, the most important type of significance is

a.

generalized significance

b.

statistical significance

c.

effect size significance

d.

clinical significance

2 points

QUESTION 6

All of the following are relative weaknesses of causal-comparative research when compared with other forms of quantitative research EXCEPT

a.

lack of randomization

b.

manipulation of independent variable

c.

time to conduct the study

d.

control of research variables

2 points

QUESTION 7

1. Of the following, which is most typical of an independent variable in a causal-comparative study

a.

mathematics achievement

b.

time to complete a problem

c.

amount of content learned from instructional materials

d.

type of instructional treatment administered

2 points

QUESTION 8

1. One strength of causal-comparative studies, in comparison to experimental studies, is that casual-comparative studies can examine ________________ while experimental studies cannot.

a.

more than one dependent variable

b.

causal relationships among variables

c.

variables that should not be manipulated

d.

variables that can be manipulated

2 points

QUESTION 9

1. The mean and standard deviation are examples of

a.

statistics

b.

parameters

c.

data forms

d.

assessment indices

2 points

QUESTION 10

Inferential statistics are generally concerned with

a.

how well the sample represents the population

b.

whether the correct statistical test is used for analysis

c.

the internal validity of the research design

d.

the consequential validity of the dependent measures

2 points

QUESTION 11

1. One benefit of conducting a two tailed test is that

a.

it allows for greater region of rejection than a one tailed test

b.

it allows for differences in groups in either direction

c.

it is easier to obtain significant differences between groups

d.

it is easier to reject the null hypothesis than for a one tailed test

2 points

QUESTION 12

1. In both the t test and an ANOVA, the differences between groups is represented as the

a.

numerator in the equation

b.

denominator in the equation

c.

error in the equation

d.

treatment variance in the equation

2 points

QUESTION 13

1. George is comparing different types of keyboarding instruction. In one group he used a classroom based method, while for the other group he used a computer based training program. After six weeks of treatment, he assessed differences in their typing ability. Of the following, which is the appropriate test of significance for George to use assuming random assignment and no pretreatment differences?

a.

Independent t test

b.

Dependent t test

c.

Difference scores

d.

ANOVA

2 points

QUESTION 14

1. The purpose of an ethnographic research project that examines study hall behaviors might be to

a.

understand the nature of students' study hall behaviors

b.

report the number of study hall minutes wasted by typical sophomore students

c.

prove study hall should be mandated for all students

d.

show the relationship between study hall time and academic achievement

2 points

QUESTION 15

1. Of the following, which is NOT a characteristic of ethnographic research?

a.

ethnographic research may be conducted with just one case

b.

ethnographic research is most often completed in an atypical context

c.

ethnographic research frames human behavior within a sociopolitical context

d.

Ethnographic research uses culture as a lens to interpret findings

2 points

QUESTION 16

1. Your text indicates that the first step in analyzing data in any qualitative study is __________ the data

a.

interpreting

b.

coding

c.

managing

d.

classifying

2 points

QUESTION 17

1. In a distribution with a mean of 28 and a standard deviation of 2, almost all of the scores fall between

a.

22-34

b.

24-32

c.

22-30

d.

26-30

2 points

QUESTION 18

1. Jack wants to test if students with LD improve their reading scores with his new teaching method. He takes their scores at the beginning of the term and again at the end. Which of the following designs is Jack illustrating?

a.

One-shot case study

b.

One-group pretest-posttest design

c.

Pretest-posttest control group design

d.

Time series design

2 points

QUESTION 19

1. In Jack's study above, students who improved their reading scores due to reading in general and not necessarily due to Jack's new teaching method are an example of which threat?

a.

Selection

b.

Maturation

c.

History

d.

Instrumentation

2 points

QUESTION 20

1. What type of experimental design is symbolized as follows:

O X O

O O

a.

Static group comparison

b.

Posttest only control group design

c.

pretest - posttest control group design

d.

One shot case study design

2 points

QUESTION 21

1. Standardized test scores are often given as percentile ranks. These data are considered_________ level measurement.

a.

nominal

b.

ordinal

c.

interval

d.

ratio

2 points

QUESTION 22

1. The level of data/measurement represented by the variable "previous class experience" with options "yes/no" is

a.

nominal

b.

ordinal

c.

interval

d.

ratio

2 points

QUESTION 23

1. Jennifer is using a behavior checklist strategy as well as a prompted praise strategy when working with Kent, a student with behavior disorders. She uses both strategies within the same day, going back and forth randomly between the two approaches, while recording his on-task behavior. What type of design is Jennifer using?

a.

Multiple baseline

b.

Alternating treatment

c.

Time series

d.

Treatment withdrawal

2 points

QUESTION 24

1. In Jennifer's study above (previous question), one of the primary validity threats that Jennifer's study controls is

a.

order effects

b.

selection effects

c.

reversal effects

d.

history effects

2 points

QUESTION 25

1. The benefits of Jennifer's design in the previous two questions include all of the following EXCEPT

a.

no withdrawal is necessary

b.

no baseline is necessary

c.

treatment interference is controlled

d.

more than one treatment is considered

2 points

QUESTION 26

1. A primary concern with the Treatment--Baseline--Treatment design (B--A--B) is

a.

the participant ends the study without treatment

b.

there is no initial baseline

c.

participant mortality

d.

history effects

2 points

QUESTION 27

1. Of the following, the most common data source in a qualitative study is

a.

email

b.

survey data

c.

observation

d.

document analysis

2 points

QUESTION 28

1. Melanie is a qualitative researcher studying veteran teachers' perceptions of Indiana's new teacher certification standards. Which of the following is NOT likely part of her primary data sources

a.

Interviews with veteran teachers

b.

Observations of teachers' union meetings where the new standards are discussed

c.

Articles written in the popular press by teachers who are participants in her study

d.

The test scores of the districts' students who have veteran teachers

2 points

QUESTION 29

1. For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed by in a school?

a.

district school board

b.

teachers conducting the research

c.

parents of children in the district

d.

the children in the school district

2 points

QUESTION 30

1. Which of the following is the best example of an action research study for Ron, a third grade teacher, to pursue?

a.

The decrease in the school's scores on the state-wide third grade math achievement test.

b.

The effectiveness of a new creative writing program he has implemented in his classroom.

c.

The effects of the recent publication of third-grade teachers' qualifications by the local media.

d.

An examination of the nutritional needs of his students based on new national guidelines.

2 points

QUESTION 31

1. Nick, a qualitative researcher, is finalizing his research report. He need's to add a piece about his purposive sampling technique. Where should he place this information?

a.

Results

b.

Discussion/Conclusion

c.

Participants/Subjects

d.

Instruments

2 points

QUESTION 32

1. Judy forgot to mention that she used a 7 point Likert Scale in her study. This omission is a weakness in which section of her report?

a.

Participants

b.

Design and Procedures

c.

Instruments

d.

Results

2 points

QUESTION 33

1. The primary role of the IRB is to

a.

ensure researchers are aware of the federal and state laws regarding the handling of student data

b.

ensure protection of research participants from harm and invasion of privacy

c.

provide institution specific ethical guidelines for the use of human subjects

d.

uphold ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association

2 points

QUESTION 34

1. Stan is interested in determining how inclusion practices today could be improved by determining weaknesses in the old mainstreaming movement. He will most likely conduct a

a.

Qualitative research study

b.

Correlation research study

c.

Historical research study

d.

Survey research study

2 points

QUESTION 35

1. If a null hypothesis is rejected it means

a.

the treatment causes significant differences

b.

there are no differences between treatments

c.

any differences between treatments are due to sampling error

d.

the differences found between groups are not due to chance

2 points

QUESTION 36

1. A primary concern with the reversal design (ABAB) is:

a.

the participant ends the study without treatment

b.

used with only one participant at a time

c.

participant mortality

d.

Ethical treatment

2 points

QUESTION 37

1. For teachers working in school districts, who best determines the action research topics addressed by in a school?

a.

district school board

b.

teachers conducting the research

c.

parents of children in the district

d.

the children in the school district

2 points

QUESTION 38

In a distribution with a mean of 30 and a standard deviation of 4, approximately 16% of scores will fall below:

a.

26

b.

28

c.

23

d.

13

2 points

QUESTION 39

1. Sarah was interested in the opinion of teachers regarding high stakes testing. She sent out a questionnaire to over 500 teachers across her state and received a good return rate. She will most likely analyze her results using:

Chi Square

Pearson Product Moment Coefficient

T Test

ANOVA

2 points

QUESTION 40

1. A very conservative researcher would most likely use a p value of ___ or less before rejecting the null hypothesis.

.10

.20

.01

.05