ESS250 Nutrition and Health Exam 3 Spring 2021

ESS250 – Nutrition and Health

Exam 3 – Spring 2021

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Type your answers directly onto this exam, then save as a PDF document that you submit on the class Moodle site.  You may use your readings, text, course Moodle site, and notes to complete this take home exam.  You may refer to the “Nutrition in the News” articles presented by you or others in class.  You may not use any other outside sources. Do not copy and paste any material that you did not write.  The essays should be your own words – paraphrase and cite your sources.  If you use a direct quotation, use quotation marks and cite your sources. This exam should also be your own work, and not discussed with classmates or others. Submit exam on or before 11:59 pm Smith time, Saturday, May 15 .

1-2. According to your textbook, which of the following statements is supported by scientific studies:

A. Chromium picolinate helps build muscle

B. Beta-carotene, in combination with other nutrients, may slow the progression of macular degeneration

C. Ephedra is an effective aid for long-term weight control

D. Creatine is helpful for increasing glycogen in endurance athletes

 3-4. When the blood becomes too acidic, bone tissue releases minerals to buffer the excess acids.  Over time, a slow-but-steady loss of bone mineral can result in what condition?

A. low bone density/osteoporosis

B. type 2 diabetes

C. heart disease

D. macular degeneration

8. Put these steps for the development of atherosclerosis in the most logical sequence: number 1-4.

___ Oxidized LDL migrates into the arteries’ endothelial lining

___ Over time, plaque may grow and rupture, with pieces of ruptured plaque blocking arterial blood flow

___ LDL in the endothelial lining triggers an inflammatory response, attracting immune cells to the area

___ Normal LDL particles become damaged by interactions with free radicals in the bloodstream

 

9-12. Match each term with its correct definition.

Definition

___ Elevated blood pressure

___ Hypertension stage 1

___ Normal blood pressure

___ Hypertension stage 2

Term

A.         Less than 120 systolic and less than 80 diastolic

B.         120-129 systolic and less than 80 diastolic

C.        130-139 systolic or 80-90 diastolic

D.        > or = 140 systolic or 90 or higher diastolic

(Values are mmHg)

 

___ 13-14. Three hormones, calcitriol, parathyroid hormone, and calcitonin are all necessary in:

 

A. Regulating calcium levels in the blood

B. Maintaining water balance

C. Production of red blood cells

D. Peristalsis

___ 15-16. When you eat a sandwich, your GI tract breaks down the starch into glucose, a process referred to as:

A. Metabolic linking

B. Metabolic processing

C. Catabolism

D. Anabolism

 17-18. The type of diabetes that develops as a result of pregnancy, and usually goes away once the pregnancy is over is called:

A. Type I diabetes

B. Acute diabetes

C. Chronic diabetes

D. Gestational diabetes

 19-20.  Of the following foods, which is the best source of Vitamin K?

A. 1 cup strawberries

B. 3 oz chicken

C. 3 cups spinach

D. 1 large egg

 21-22. Which two minerals are plentiful in bones?

A. Calcium and potassium

B. Phosphorus and calcium

C. Potassium and phosphorus

D. Calcium and magnesium

 23-24. In general, excess amounts of water-soluble vitamins are excreted via the:

a.         kidney

b.         intestine

c.         skin

d.         lungs

e.         liver

 25-26. The nutrient that decreases the risk of neural tube defects in a developing fetus is:

A. Protein

B. Folate

C. Vitamin C

D. Vitamin A

 27-28. In situations when the body cannot use glucose for energy, such as in the case with diabetes, cells turn to __________ as an energy source.

A. Essential amino acids

B. B vitamins

C. Fat and protein

D. Complex carbohydrates

 

29-32.  Match each major function with the corresponding fat-soluble vitamin. (Write the letter of the vitamin.)

 

Major functions

___ Regulation of blood calcium, bone health, regulation of cell differentiation and growth

___ Blood clotting, bone health/sustaining bone mineral density

___ Vision, cell differentiation, immunity, reproduction, bone health

___ Protection and maintenance of cellular membranes through antioxidant capacity

Fat-soluble vitamins

Vitamin A

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin K

33-34. The most common causes of low blood potassium include:

A. Eating a diet low in fruits and vegetables

B. Eating a diet high in simple carbohydrates

C. Excessive exercise without fluid replacement

D. Prolonged vomiting, chronic diarrhea, laxative abuse, and use of diuretics

35-40. Select each of the following that are major functions of iron.

            [1] Brain function

            [2] Enzyme cofactor or constituent

            [3] Immune function

            [4] Oxygen transport

            [5] Bone and teeth development

            [6] Energy source

 41-42. Prolonged excess intake of fluoride causes:

A. No damage to teeth as excess is excreted

B. Fluorosis

C. Iodine deficiency

D. Calcium deposits

 43-44. If a person’s diet includes a lot of processed foods, and not a lot of fresh fruits or vegetables, failing to meet recommended intakes of ________ is likely.

A. Sodium

B. Chloride

C. Potassium

D. Phosphorus

 45-46. Which mineral is a component of ATP, DNA, and RNA, a component of the mineral complex hydroxyapatite in bone, and is abundant in our food supply?

A. Calcium

B. Phosphorus

C. Chloride

D. Potassium

 47-48. Which of the following is considered the leading cause of death in the United States and Canada?

A. Overweight and obesity

B. Diabetes mellitus

C. Cancer

D. Cardiovascular disease

 49-50. The slow, progressive hardening and narrowing of arteries by deposits of fat, cholesterol, and other substances is known as:

A. Inflammation

B. Atherosclerosis

C. Endothelium

D. Hypercholesterolemia

51-55. Select each of the correct statements regarding insulin.

 [1] For glucose to enter into most types of cells, insulin must be present

 [2] Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas

 [3] Individuals are born with as much insulin as they will need throughout their life

 [4] Insulin production is stimulated by the intake of fat and amino acids

 [5] Lack of insulin production in response to food intake can lead to hyperglycemia

 56-62. Which of the following are characteristics of type 1 diabetes mellitus.?

[1] Occurs in people younger than 30 and often develops suddenly

[2] Develops in women who are pregnant and have never had diabetes before

[3] Usually is diagnosed in children and young adults

[4] Symptoms include excessive thirst, frequent urination, rapid weight loss and blurred vision

[5] Although blood glucose levels are high, the lack of insulin prevents glucose from entering cells to be burned for energy

[6] Glucose has trouble entering body cells because either the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin or cells in the body become resistant to the action of insulin

[7] Usually develops in overweight individuals age 45 or older

 63-66. Which of the following recommendations promote bone health and slow the development of osteoporosis.

 [1] Maintain adequate intake of calcium and vitamin D.

 [2] Exercise with weight-bearing and resistance training at least two days per week.

 [3] Don’t smoke.

 [4] If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation.

 67-68. Impaired glucose tolerance that results in a blood glucose level that is higher than normal yet not high enough to be diagnosed as diabetes is known as:

A. Gestational diabetes

B. Type 2 diabetes

C. Hypoglycemia

D. Pre-diabetes

 69-70. Vitamin D is considered both a vitamin and a(n):

A. Hormone

B. Enzyme

C. Anticoagulant

D. Carcinogen

71-74. Match each sign/symptom of deficiency with the corresponding vitamin.

Sign/symptom of deficiency

___ Connective tissue breakdown, inflammation/bleeding of the gums and joints, fatigue/weakness, hemorrhage, bone pain and fracture, diarrhea, and depression

___ Irritability, restlessness, fatigue, apathy, malaise, sleep disruption, nausea/vomiting, numbness, tingling, muscle cramps, staggering gait, and hypoglycemia

___ Anemia, brain abnormalities and spinal cord degeneration, neurological symptoms including tingling and numbness in the extremities, abnormal gait, and cognitive changes

___ Hair loss, rash, neurologic disorders, and delay of growth and development

Vitamin

A.         Vitamin B12

B.         Pantothenic acid

C.        Biotin

D.        Vitamin C

 

 75-76. The B vitamins:

a.         are water soluble

b.         serve as coenzymes

c.         can be lost during food processing and preparation

d.         a. and b.

e.         a, b, and c.

77-78. Acquiring sufficient vitamin B12 from the diet may be a problem to vegans because:

a.         Phytic acid in vegetable proteins may inhibit its absorption.

b.         They lack the r-protein in the stomach.

c.         It is only found in animal products.

d.         Deficiency may result from high intakes of legumes.

e.         Dietary fibers move materials through the digestive tract too quickly for adequate absorption.

79-80. Vitamin A’s best known and most studies effects are in:

A. Assisting with muscle contractions

B. Energy metabolism

C. Hair and nail development

D. The eyes

 

 81-82. Vitamin A deficiency is rare in North America and Western Europe, however it is the leading cause of _____ worldwide.

A. Rickets

B. Childhood blindness

C. Teenage acne

D. Blood clotting

 83-84. The active form of vitamin D is:

A. Calcium

B. Calcitriol

C. Retinol

D. Tocopherol

85-88. What is the adequate intake (AI) of potassium for a 20 year-old female?

89-92.  What is the Daily Value for potassium found on (the newest version of) the U.S. Food Label?

93-96. Fill in the blanks to complete the sentence.

The measurement of blood pressure provides two numbers, the _____(a)___ pressure is measured during the heart’s resting phase, and the ___(b)__ pressure represents pressure during the heart’s contraction.

a.         ______________________

b.         ______________________

 

97-98. Name the iron-containing substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen:

105-110. List and describe 3 suggestions to prevent the development of diabetes in individuals who have been diagnosed with the condition of pre-diabetes.

Essay Questions:  ANSWER ALL PARTS OF EACH QUESTION FOR FULL CREDIT.  If in doubt, write more.  Show me how much you learned this semester.

(20 points, approx. 400-500 words) Describe some of the common limitations students in our class have discussed as they critiqued their studies.  What are some of the difficulties researchers encounter as they design experiments/studies to try to understand the link between nutrition and health?  List and describe briefly at least four common problems we have discussed/heard about in the presentations or readings.

 (20 points, approx. 300-400 words) Your sister is taking iron supplements because she has been diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia.  She hears on the news that a new study has found that excess iron ingestion increases risk of heart disease.  She also tells you she has read about an amazing new iron supplement that is all natural, and thus, much safer than her prescription iron supplements.  She asks your opinion.  How would you prepare to respond to her and what is your advice to her?