According to the Nixon Doctrine, formulated during the late Cold War

1. According to the Nixon Doctrine, formulated during the late Cold War, who must fight wars in Asia?
2. A.Americans.B.Asians

QUESTION 2

1. The primary goal of the United States in Laos was to
2. A.defeat the Communist government there.B.close North Vietnamese supply lines running through southern Laos.C.capture Ho Chi Minh (the North Vietnamese leader).

QUESTION 3

1. The United States waged a proxy war in which country?

A.VietnamB.Laos

QUESTION 4

1. The funding of covert wars often comes from
2. A.illicit trade.B.taxpayer funds.C.foreign investment.

QUESTION 5

1. From where did the United States recruit white mercenary troops to crush the Simba rebels in Congo?
2. A.Soviet UnionB.South AfricaC.KenyaD.the United States

1 points QUESTION 6

1. The Clark Amendment, passed by Congress on February 10, 1976, prohibited covert aid to
2. A.any side in the Angolan conflict.B.Unita (Union for the Total Independence of Angola).C.FNLA (Front for National Liberation of Angola).D.MPLA (Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola).

QUESTION 7

1. Political terrorism, as it developed during the late Cold War, primarily functioned as the targeting of ____________ for political purposes.
2. A.armed forcesB.civiliansC.elected representatives

QUESTION 8

1. During the late Cold War, the CIA and Pentagon referred to terrorism as
2. A.containmentB.counterinsurgencyC.low-intensity conflict

1 points

QUESTION 9

1. According to neoconservative academic Jeanne Kirkpatrick, left-wing governments were _______________, or unable to reform from within and therefore required external overthrow, while right-wing governments were ______________, and thus could be persuaded to reform when deemed necessary.
2. A.totalitarian/authoritarianB.authoritarian/totalitarian

1 points

QUESTION 10

1. Reagan administration publicly referred to the Nicaraguan Contras and Afghan mujahideen as
2. A.terrorists.B.communist.C.democratic.D.totalitarian.

1 points

QUESTION 11

1. In the early 1980s, the ___________________ proposed rollback of governments via low-intensity conflict in nine countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Iran, Laos, Libya, Nicaragua, and Vietnam.
2. A.Department of DefenseB.Reagan administrationC.CIAD.Heritage Foundation

1 points

QUESTION 12

1. Faced with a Congressional limit on funding for the contras in Nicaragua in the 1984 Intelligence Authorization Act, the Reagan administration turned to _______________ for secret, illicit funding.
2. A.the Gold TriangleB.the shah of IranC.the Medellin cartel

1 points

QUESTION 13

1. U.S. military aid to Guatemalan dictator Efrian Rios Montt, who used the assistance to massacre Indian villagers, was embraced primarily by the
2. A.Christian right.B.Heritage Foundation.C.National Security Archive.

1 points

QUESTION 14

1. The Iran-contra deal involved a U.S. agreement to sell arms to Iran either directly or via __________ at inflated prices and then use the profits to purchase arms for the contras in Nicaragua.
2. A.EgyptB.IsraelC.IraqD.Lebanon

1 points

QUESTION 15

1. Reagan administration officials hoped that their clandestine embrace of contra terror against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua might produce any of the following EXCEPT
2. A.to provoke attacks across the Nicaragua-Honduras border (from where the contras launched their terror) by the Nicaraguan army, thereby demonstrating the government's aggressive nature.B.to provoke attacks against U.S. personnel inside Nicaragua, thereby demonstrating the Sandinista's hostility to the U.S.C.a Sandinista-Soviet alliance, thereby revealing the Sandinista government as a puppet of the Soviet Union.D.a suppression of civil liberties by the Sandinista government, thereby demonstrating its totalitarian nature.

1 points

QUESTION 16

1. The Afghan war in the 1980s was the largest CIA paramilitary conflict since
2. A.AngolaB.VietnamC.ChileD.Nicaragua

1 points

QUESTION 17

1. Prior to the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the United States regarded political Islam as an ___________ against secular nationalism.
2. A.ally.B.enemy.

1 points

QUESTION 18

1. After the 1979 storming of the American embassy in Teheran by student protesters and the taking of hostages, the United States encouraged an invasion of Iran by __________.
2. A.IraqB.Saudi Arabia.C.EgyptD.Israel

1 points

QUESTION 19

1. In the wake of the 1978 Communist coup in Afghanistan, the Carter and then the Reagan administrations partnered with
2. A.PakistanB.IsraelC.IranD.Iraq

1 points

QUESTION 20

1. One of the primary CIA assets against the Soviets in Afghanistan, ____________ argued that armed jihad was the only way to political victory and to satisfy religious duty.
2. A.Sheikh Abdullah AzzamB.Osama bin LadenC.Ayatollah KhomeiniD.Zia ul-Haq

1 points

QUESTION 21

1. The notion of a standing jihad can be found in
2. A.the original written version of the Qur'an.B.the Mahdi movement of the late 19th century.C.the House of Saud and the state of Saudi Arabia.D.the Wahhabi movement of the 18th century.

1 points

QUESTION 22

1. If the Reagan administration hoped to turn the Afghan jihad into a crusade against Communism, it also hoped to exploited Sunni/Shi'a doctrinal differences, turn them into a political divide, and isolate ___________.
2. A.IranB.Saudi ArabiaC.AfghanistanD.Iraq

1 points

QUESTION 23

1. America's proxy war in Afghanistan progressed primarily towards
2. A.privatization.B.secularization.C.nationalization.

1 points

QUESTION 24

1. A 1989 meeting of American jihadists that included Osama bin Laden and Sudan's Jamal al-Fadl resulted in the creation of
2. A.Tablighi Jamaat.B.the Muslim Brotherhood.C.al-Qaeda.D.the mujahideen.

1 points

QUESTION 25

1. Where as training of jihad fighters for the Afghan war primarily took place in Pakistan, the training of trainers took place in ______________.
2. A.FranceB.the United StatesC.IsraelD.Afghanistan

1 points

QUESTION 26

1. Mamdani argues that the primary contribution made by the U.S. government to the mujahideen cause in Afghanistan was
2. A.training camps, like the one in Khost, Afghanistan used by bin Laden.B.the privatization of information, including radical Islamist teaching.C.military equipment, including American AK-47s.

1 points

QUESTION 27

1. The primary recipient of covert U.S. funding among the mujahideen was
2. A.Osama bin Laden.B.Mullah Nasim Akhundzada.C.Gulbuddin Hikmatyar.

1 points

QUESTION 28

1. Historically, Afghan society managed its regional, linguistic, and ethnic differences through
2. A.a centralized polity.B.a decentralized polity.

1 points

QUESTION 29

1. The CIA (United States) and the ISI (Pakistan) preferred to cultivate relationships with ______________ during the Afghan War of the 1980s.
2. A.Islamic ideologuesB.traditionalist nationalists

1 points

QUESTION 30

1. After the withdrawal of Soviet troops in February 1989, the U.S.'s primary goal in Afghanistan became the production of oil, to which it embraced the ___________ because it was the most likely to bring about political stability.
2. A.HizbB.TalibanC.Hikmatyar