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The introduction is arguably the second most important part of the paper after the conclusion. While the conclusion is the reason one writes a paper, and is often the focal point of ones research and outline, the introduction is the last thing one revises, and for some the last thing one writes in paper. For most students though, a good working introduction based on a good outline or proposal, begins the process of writing the final paper. As such the introduction for students is often in the conditional sense of what one hopes to do, or hopes to accomplish. Invariably a paper will undergo several directional changes in the process of writing and additional research that comes from developing argument and discussion during the writing process. Rarely will a working or initial introduction actually reflect what the paper eventually does and accomplishes. So it is important to modify ones outline as one writes, or at a minimum keeps in ones head what one is writing and concluding so one can go back and revise the introduction during the proofreading phase to reflect the actual paper. An introduction consists of an introductory paragraph or paragraphs that grab the readers attention and sets the tone of the paper. There are no end of ways to do this. One can have anecdotal stories, examples, hypothetical situations, or even factual background that one will later develop fully in the body of the paper. One should never, however, use the introduction nor introductory paragraph to pass general information or background that is not later developed in the body of the paper. The introduction introduces what follows, it is not background for the paper. Following the introductory paragraph(s) one succinctly lays out the key points of the paper so the reader will have a context for what he or she will be reading. One wants the reader on the same path as the author as the author leads the reader along the path to the final destination, the conclusion. A paper is not a mystery novel, though one does not necessarily have to give away all that the paper concludes. Still, one does need to give the reader some idea of what the paper will accomplish in the lessons and takeaway of the conclusion. Depending on the writers skill one can have a transition from the this last part of the introduction, or a good topical sentence in the first paragraph of the body. I want to iterate the key points before I provide some examples, from real students papers I have had over the years. Remember not to have background that is not in the body itself. Have a good introductory paragraph or paragraphs that tone of the paper and, one must have one to a few paragraphs setting the scope of the paper. Tell the reader what the issues are, why they are important, how you will cover the topic, and most importantly what the paper will accomplish. The introduction rarely will have documentation as the better introductions are not only based on your proposal/working introduction, but as the introduction ought to be the last thing revised, it is in your words paraphrasing what your papers key points are, and what the paper accomplished. As one is introducing what is fully developed and documented in the body, it is rare to have footnotes or in text citations in an introduction. Often one needs a transition paragraph which lays out for the reader what he or she should expect, and then lead into the body itself. A good introduction sets the tone, scope, direction of the paper, and what the paper will accomplish. Otherwise the reader does not know what he or she needs to be considering as he or she progresses towards the conclusion. Examples of 100-300, 300-400, and 400-graduate level introductions Undergraduate Level Introductions 1. 300-400 level A chef directs the preparation, seasoning, and cooking of salads, soups, fish, meats, vegetables, and desserts. The chef may plan and price menu items, order supplies, and keep records and accounts. Throughout the world there are culinary chefs associated with different aspects of food preparations. Before a cook can receive the title of Chef, he or she must endure a process that is rigorous as well as time consuming. After recognizing the initial desire to pursue a career in the culinary arts, attending the institute of higher learning, interning at different restaurants and finally obtaining employment, few graduates reach the elevation of Head Chef or the prestige associated with that of a famous chef. The paper explores how graduates of the culinary arts can attempt to reach the status associated with being a Head Chef, and the prestige related to that position. I will begin by discussing the pros as well as the cons of formalized training versus training that is self-taught. I will then examine how building a reputation in one locale can further enhance the chefs career once he or she attempts to branch out on his or her own. Finally, I will give my specific recommendations on how one who aspires chefdom can don the prestigious white hat signifying a chef. 2. 300-400 level Involvement in war has not been uncommon for the United States. War certainly has both positive and negative effects on the American people. It seems the Americans opposed to war are they that look at it from a personal level. In one 2004 poll supporting the argument in the paper, less than half of all Americans believe the U.S. did the right thing taking military action in Iraq. The poll suggests that Americans are not looking at the war from a larger picture The paper will describes the war from the perspective effects on the U.S. economy. Arguments show the economic welfare of the United States aforetime and subsequent to the war. The thrust of the arguments are based on content analysis of various economic journals regarding the economy and the war. This will allow the reader to gain a clearer perspective of how war has overall both positively or negatively impacted the United States economy since the January 2003 through December 2004. The conclusion will clearly depict the effects that war has historically had on the United States economy. The bottom line is the George W. Bushs Administration made a wise decision to get the United States involved in the war, Operation Iraqi Freedom, by showing its positive impact on the economy in 2004. Based on this finding, I offer specific recommendations on what the president will need to continue to bolster the economy over the next several years. To begin with one has to examine the economy as it was in January 2001 when the Bush Administration first took office. 3. 100 -300 level Humans have always had a thirst for knowledge. Humans are a curious breed, always seeking the whos, whats, whens and whys of how things work and why they are the way they are. In American culture it is commonplace to be able to read and write. However, that wasnt always the case. Universities and literature used to be the things only the wealthy and clergy had access to. The common person had a hard time gaining any knowledge beyond the trade he or she worked. The Renaissance brought about much change and society began to question the traditional way things were done. New ideas and art were popping up and desired to be viewed and read. It is hard to believe for a 21st century person that life was once like the Renaissance. The printing press was a large part in the dissemination of information to a large audience. Without it, the Renaissance may not have had the lasting effect it did. With the development of the Internet, similarities between the Print Era and the so-called Information Age are seen. What were the similarities Before I describe the similarities on the two, the reader must first understand how both came to be, how they started and what they actually are. By understanding their creation, the reader can then understand how they impacted society and, can understand the lessons that one can apply to the 21st century. 3. 100-300 level Introduction At the age of 18, I was a healthy, fit and energetic woman who loved to dance. I went to a local dance school and joined a girls dance team. There were ten girls on my team, and every week we would travel to different functions to perform. To be in the best shape, I had to make sure I exercised regularly and had a well balanced diet. Although I was fit and healthy, I always felt pressure to lose weight. I was one of the oldest members on the team and I needed to keep up with the younger girls, so I decided to go on a strict calorie controlled diet. In just three weeks, I had lost ten pounds, and after six weeks a total of 20 pounds. I then weighed 95 pounds. I looked great, but I had started to miss meals, and felt guilty after I ate, so I would make myself vomit. My mother became extremely worried and anxious, and she made an appointment to see the family doctor. I was upset with my mother for making an appointment without my consent, and I refused to go with her. Eventually I admitted I had an eating disorder and had to do something about it, so I went to see the family doctor. The doctor asked me a lot of questions and did a full examination. He told me I had the first stages of bulimia and that I had to confront the problem and build up my food intake or else I would be seriously ill. Within six months I was on a good healthy diet and had taken control of my obsessive vomiting. Unfortunately for some people it can take a long time for them to admit they have an eating disorder. This paper examines the causes of bulimia, and the problems associated with it. The paper will conclude by laying the warning signs for family and friends to watch for and, recommendations on how to deal with a family member who has bulimia. The paper will make recommendations for young women who fight the same urges I had. In the end, knowledge is power. 4. 400 to Graduate Level Introduction After World War II, the United States emerged as the preeminent world power, both technologically and economically. With the collapse of the German war machine and the capture of consummate German rocket scientists, it should have been a certainty that the United States should be the first to successfully launch a rocket with an artificial satellite. Yet, this was not the case. To understand why history played itself out the way it did, this paper examines two aspects of the space program that may have played a part in the Soviet success. These are differences in Soviet rocket design and, design methodology that allowed the Soviets to have a superior rocket program. The paper will layout the reason for the Soviets successful Sputnik satellite upon their R7 rocket platform on October, 1957. During this same period, U.S.-backed scientist best hope for success in this race for space was the Vanguard rocket. The paper will compare these two systems. The paper clearly demonstrates not only design differences that allowed the R7 to prevail but there the differences in design methodologies that made it possible. Both contributed to the overall success of Sputnik and clearly demonstrated Soviet design predominance. This success, however, was short-lived. The success eventually led to a total reversal of rocket dominance, allowing the United States to surpass the Soviets eventually. To reach this point, the paper begins with the investigation of the initial positions of each space program. This includes not only recognizing essential players in early rocket design in U.S. and Soviet programs but the time period during which certain design milestones were reached, i.e. first successful test ignition or first successful test flight. This will expose the differences in approach in the respective programs as well as rates of progress. Next, I move on to the technological abilities and potential of each nation. Many of the advancements that made rockets possible arose from early missile design and jet propulsion. Thus, I will study this aspect of the research question especially since direct correlation between rocket design and missile/jet engine technology exists. This encompasses the training and education of rocket design personnel. I explore this area to determine the particular areas the Soviets focused on when it came to rocket design and methodology that allowed them to excel beyond the United States. I follow with a point by point examination of the different capacities of the R7 verses the Vanguard to understand how Soviet designs surpassed the US. This would include at least the following values Propellant type. Thrust. Weight of the launch vehicle. Number of stages. The differing complexity of design in respect to developmental time period. The lessons will lay out the reasons for Soviet design and design methodologies superiority over the U.S. rocket program during the Sputnik era. I specific the differences in rocket design and design methodology that played a significant role in why the Soviet space program was first to launch an artificial satellite. Finally, I will conclude by showing the specific changes made in the US space program that allowed it to overcome its deficiencies to become the superior power in space technology today. The paper begins with plundering of the German aerospace community in 1945. 5. 400 - Graduate Level Introduction In the 1980s, promoted by prominent Christian leaders such as Dr. James Dobson, home schooling was transformed from a viable, but rare, option, into a thriving and more widely used alternative to traditional public and private education. Today, the popularity of home schools is on the rise due to a growing lack of confidence and satisfaction in the conventional education system. The dissatisfaction stems from concerns that are religious, as well as socio-economic. Stacey and Marc DeGeorge were faced with many tough decisions when Marc left his job as a draftsman to answer a call to the ministry. One of those decisions involved the education of their eight-year-old daughter. Raven, was already enrolled in a private Christian academy near their home in the suburbs of Richmond, Virginia. Stacey and Marc realized that the 520 per month tuition would soon be out of their financial reach, given his reduced clerical salary and the lack of tuition assistance. After speaking with her neighbors, searching the Internet, and just listening to the nightly news, Stacey became convinced that public school was simply not an option. Having been exposed to the phonics system at the academy, Raven was now an avid reader. However, several of Staceys friends had expressed displeasure with the reading level of their publicly schooled children. The vocabulary-based system used by the countys schools seemed to be less effective in developing reading skills. Marc and Stacey were even more concerned with Ravens safety. The academys seven busses were well maintained and the children were well behaved. Marc was extremely upset when he read a newspaper article about the trial of several local children accused of assaulting another student on a public school bus. He would need their only car to drive to and from work, and there was no other public transportation available. 2 It was with great anxiety that Marc and Stacey De George decided to home school Raven in the next term. They knew that it wouldnt be easy, but with a well thought out game plan they believed that they had a good chance of success. Through the use of an informal survey, and research from government and non-government sources, my paper examines some of the advantages and challenges of home schooling from the perspective of 50 parents with school-aged children who, like the De Georges, must yearly re-evaluate their educational options. I lay out the lessons learnt and the recommendations for those parents who wish to explore the possibility of home schooling as well as those already participating. 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Solution: Homeland Security Term or Case Study