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TOPIC and Objectives Electronic Media Explain the influence of movies on society. Assess the impact of recordings on society. Analyze the role of radio in mass communication. Critique the role of television in mass communication. Evaluate the effect of the Internet on communication in society. Content outline A brief history of movies Movie technology relies on persistence of vision, an aspect of human vision in which the brain retains images for a fraction of a second after they leave the field of sight. In 1872, Eadweard Muybridge photographed a running horse with a series of cameras, capturing its movements and achieving the first photography of motion. American inventor Thomas Edison and French brothers Louis and Auguste Lumire worked with film to create cameras and projectors to show motion pictures. Thomas Edison brought patent holders of movie technology together to create the Motion Picture Patents Company, known as the Edison Trust, to retain control of the industry and charge patent fees to anyone who wanted to make a movie. Motion picture makers moved west. The U.S. government closed the Trust in 1917, declaring it an unlawful monopoly. After the Trust was gone, Hollywood continued as the center of the U.S. film industry. Major studios were thriving in the 1920s, collecting up to 90 percent of all film revenue. The star system emerged in the 1920s when audiences demanded to see popular actors. Certain European art movements that developed throughout the 20th century have been influential in American filmmaking. The golden age of movies lasted from 1930 to 1950. In 1948, the U.S. government won a lawsuit that ended the studios monopoly ownership of movie theaters. Movie attendance began to decline in the early 1950s for several reasons. The movie industry had to redefine itself to compete with TV. Digital technology is having profound effects on the film industry. The American film industry is by far the most lucrative in the world. Studio system today Major studios release an average of 15 to 20 movies per year at an average cost of 60 million per film. There are three stages of film production preproduction, production, and postproduction. Production companies are either major studios or independents. The movie industry employs a large number of people. Distribution includes all aspects of marketing a film, and copying and delivering it to theaters. Exhibition involves theaters and audiences. Todays theaters are different from the palaces of the golden age. Controversies Critics claim that the movies effectsdistortions of reality, violence, and stereotypingcontribute to many of societys ills. Censorship occurs when individuals, groups, or governments prevent or discourage people from seeing a film, because they feel it is immoral or against public interest. Opening vignette in Ch. 7 of Mass Media in a Changing World Fame Online A brief history of recording Recording history consists of a series of copyright battles and format wars. Music began in oral cultures. In 1877, Thomas Edison made the first recording of a human voice with the phonograph, which was basically a metal cylinder, a horn, and a hand crank. In 1888, Emile Berliner invented the gramophone, which was similar to Edisons phonograph, but played a flat disc with lateral grooves cut on one side. Cylinders and discs competed. The format war between cylinders and discs ended in 1913 when Edison switched to discs. Commercial radio appeared in the 1920s and had mixed effects on the recording industry. The recording industry enjoyed resurgence after World War II. Rock and roll, with which teenagers felt an affinity, changed the recording industry in the 1950s. Rock music experienced a lull in the late 1950s. Rap and hip-hop emerged in the 1970s. Audio format wars have characterized the music industry. Video format wars have also affected the music industry. Understanding todays recording industry Todays recording industry is profitable. Five major corporations collect around 80 percent of all recording industry revenues each year Warner Music Group, EMI Group, Sony Music Entertainment, Universal Music Group, and Bertelsmann AG. Independent labels have become the talent developers of today. The U.S. music industry congregates around several major cities. The music industry employs a large number of people. Promotion begins with getting a record on the charts through radio play and sales. Distribution and sales are a vital part of the music industry. The music audience is becoming less loyal and more fragmented. Controversies Most media critics today are concerned with musics cultural effects and censorship. Explicit song lyrics worry some parents, educators, and citizens groups. In music, questions of censorship involve music labeling, governmental criticism, chain-store restrictions, and radio play restrictions. Opening vignette in Ch. 8 of Mass Media in a Changing World Satellite Wars and Satellite Mergers A brief history of radio Samuel Morses invention of the telegraph in 1842 paved the way for radio. The U.S. Navy took over radio for military use in 1917 when it entered World War I. Frank Conrad was the first commercial radio broadcaster. People began to figure out how to make money from broadcasting. The rise of the networks began in the 1920s. Radio networks invented the types of programming on TV today dramas, situation comedies, soap operas, game shows, musical variety, talk shows, news, and sports. Spectrum scarcity, the fact that there were more people who wanted to broadcast than frequencies to carry them, led to regulation. The golden age of radio spanned the 1930s and 1940s. Radios popularity declined in the 1950s as programs moved to TV. Radio today is becoming more concentrated in terms of ownership and more segmented in terms of audience. Forms of radio transmission now include analog, digital, satellite, and web radio. Understanding todays radio industry A format is a consistent programming formula with a recognizable sound and personality. Ratings determine how much a station can charge for advertising. Todays radio industry is composed of local stations, station groups, networks and syndicators, and public radio. Many radio stations depend on their personnel, but the audience determines content. Controversies Most controversies in radio today stem from attempts to define a seemingly simple phrase in the Radio Act of 1927 the public interest, convenience, and necessity (Rodman, 2012, p. 219). Another controversy in radio is censorship. A brief history of television Radio paved the way for developing television. The development of television involved many people, and the medium evolved over time. The United States entry into World War II froze manufacturing and the development of television from 1941 to 1945. Once World War II ended, consumer demand caused growth of the TV industry. Network television eventually dominated. Cable changed the industry. New competitors have entered the TV industry. New technology has also changed the TV industry. Understanding todays television industry Delivery systems can be classified as broadcast, cable, and alternative technologies such as satellites. Program providers include networks and syndicators. Ratings are critical to success in commercial television, because advertising profits depend on audience size. Controversies Almost every home in the United States has at least one TV, and children have broad access to it. Most controversies center on the nature of programming, parental advisory ratings, and excessive viewing. Critics say poor programming quality harms viewers intellectually and emotionally. The TV industry established a voluntary rating system in 1996. TV is criticized as a source of media addiction. A brief history of the Internet Computer Military roots of the Internet World Wide Web Global dimensions Cultural diversity on the web Understanding the Internet industry Architecture of the Internet Channel convergence Economics of the Internet Controversies Control versus freedom Censorship Privacy Reliability of information Week 3 Content Outline COM/340 Version 3 PAGE MERGEFORMAT 4 Copyright 2015, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Y, 4IsNXp
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Solution: Final paper ounlibe and references