Attachment # 00002930 - dqs-sata.docx
dqs-sata.docx (38.04 KB)
Raw Preview of Attachment:
(refer to the detailed question and attachment below)
Q-200 wordThe cover of the from December 7, 2000 is shown below:   Answer the following questions for your main post:Identify the two variables being graphed. What types of variables are they? What is the level of measurement for each of the variables?What method would you use to collect data for this graph? Why would you use this particular method?What type of graph is displayed? If you could use any type of graph other than the one shown, what type of graph would you use? Why?After looking at this graph, would you want to attend Cornell University? Why? What message does this graph convey to you? How might this graph be misleading?Describe at least three things that are wrong with the graph.Find an example of a misleading graph online. Post a link to the graph, and briefly discuss the qualities of the graph that made it misleading.Examplea. Identify the two variables being graphed. What types of variables are they? What is the level of measurement for each of the variables?The two variables being graphed are Cornells University’s Tuition and their ranking. Both of these variables are quantitative variables (Discrete Variables). The level of measurement for the ranking is at an ordinal level while the tuition is at a Ratio level.b. What method would you use to collect data for this graph? Why would you use this particular method?The method that I would use to collect data for this graph is to do a stratified sampling.   I would use this sampling because the information obtained would not be bias as all individuals are homogeneous (students). The results would be accurate by doing this sampling type.c. What type of graph is displayed? If you could use any type of graph other than the one shown, what type of graph would you use? Why?The type of graph that is displayed above is a Time Series Graph.  A type of graph that I would use is a Side by Side bar graph. The reason I would use this graph is because the college ranking can be compared to the tuition that year.  It would be easier to view how much the college tuition was at a certain year and to view what the colleges ranking was for that year.d. After looking at this graph, would you want to attend Cornell University? Why? What message does this graph convey to you? How might this graph be misleading?I would not want to attend this college from the information provided from the graph. This graph demonstrated that the college tuition has been increasing over the years, while the ranking of the college has decreased.  The graph is misleading because it has no references. There are no numbers listed from the start date to end date to see how much the tuition has increased or how much the college decreased in ranking. I also noticed that the start date for both is different.  To accurately compare the two variables, the dates should be the same.  e. Describe at least three things that are wrong with the graph.Similar to answer d. The three things that went wrong with the graph are: (1) the starting dates are not the same. One variable starts at year 1965 while the other variable starts at 1989, (2) there are not numbers provided. The graph shows that the tuition increased and that the colleges ranking decreased but by how much? Providing these numbers would change the viewpoint of the person who is reading the data, (3) The last thing is the type of graph used to show the rising cost of college.  Another graph should have been used to demonstrate the comparison between the two variables.  The graph used does not benefit the college.f. Find an example of a misleading graph online. Post a link to the graph, and briefly discuss the qualities of the graph that made it misleading.I located a chart that FOX news posted to reflect the 2012 Presidential run. (URL: http://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/FOX-News-Chart-Fails-Math-73711092.html). At first glance, it looks like there is not much of a difference between the three candidates and that the presidential run is a close call however the chart does not have the correct information. In a pie chart the total of the graph should equal 100. In the case of this chart, it does not.  This chart is not only misleading but it is inaccurate.Q-200 wordInstructional Objectives for this activity:Interpret probability models for random variables.It is well-documented that parents’ actively smoking during pregnancy is associated with lower-birth-weight babies. Researchers Fernando D. Martinez and associates wanted to determine if there is a relationship between paternal smoking habits and birth weight. The researchers administered a questionnaire to each parent of newborn infants. One question asked whether the individual smoked regularly. Because the survey was administered within 15 days of birth, it was assumed that any regular smokers were also regular smokers during pregnancy. Birth weights for the babies (in grams) of nonsmoking mothers were obtained and divided into two groups, nonsmoking fathers and smoking fathers. The given data below represents the data collected by the researchers. The researchers concluded that the birth weight of babies whose father smoked was less than the birth weight of babies whose father did not smoke.Answer the following questions for your main post:Nonsmokers  41943522 3454 306237713783354437464019424837193668312832903423347143543544399429764067373238233302343639763263Smokers 399834553066315029862918421635023457286032822746368628513145380735484104396338922768376935093629413131294263Is this an observational study or a designed experiment? Why?What is the explanatory variable? What is the response variable?Can you think of any lurking variables that may affect the results of the study?Go to http://www.xuru.org/st/DS.asp and find the summary statistics for both non-smokers and smokers (mean, median, standard deviation, quartiles.) Compute each group separately. Report your findings. Note: Copy the data from the tables and place in the large box on the page and separate each item by a comma.Why is the sample standard different from the population standard deviation? Which should you use in this study, and why?Using your results, write up a practical summary of what you are seeing in this data. Do you agree with the researchers’ conclusions based on your analysis?The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week:Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt.This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities.You may use resources in addition to your textbook that support your post(s); however, you must mention the source(s) that you used in your post(s).Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor.Responses to other individuals' posts should:Expand on their ideasDiscuss the differences between your thoughts and theirsExplain why you agree or disagreeFor citation guidelines, please refer to the table in the APA Style section of the syllabus.Examplea. Is this an observational study or a designed experiment? Why?The above data is an observational study because no specific treatment was given to those that were surveyed.  There was no influence by the oberservor to those that were surveyed.b. What is the explanatory variable? What is the response variable?The explanatory variable is the birth weight of the babies. The response variable is whether or not smoking from fathers influences the birth weight of their newborn baby.  c. Can you think of any lurking variables that may affect the results of the study?A lurking variable is that of genetics. Even if fathers smoked or were nonsmokers, the genetics of both parents can influence the birth weight. There are many disorders or illnesses that are given to a newborn baby  by their families. Another lurking variable is the term length of the pregnancy. A pregnancy might have not been full term making this data inaccurate if all newborn babies were not born at 40 weeks or born at the same time (in relations to weeks).  d. Go to http://www.xuru.org/st/DS.asp and find the summary statistics for both non-smokers and smokers (mean, median, standard deviation, quartiles.) Compute each group separately. Report your findings. Note: Copy the data from the tables and place in the large box on the page and separate each item by a comma.I have attached the summary statistics of both smokers and non-smokers.e. Why is the sample standard different from the population standard deviation? Which should you use in this study, and why?The sample standard deviation and population standard deviation are different because of the way that they are calculated.  Population standard deviation is the square root of the sum of squared deviations from the data then divided by the sample size (population). The sample standard deviation is calculated the same way except that the denominator is n-1 (1 is subtracted to the sample size/population).  I believe that the population standard deviation should be used in this study. A population standard deviation measures all of the data in that group. This is helpful when comparing the data of the two groups (smoker and nonsmoker’s newborn weight).f. Using your results, write up a practical summary of what you are seeing in this data. Do you agree with the researchers’ conclusions based on your analysis?When comparing the statistical summary, it shows that overall the babies that have smoking fathers have a lower birth weight of those that are nonsmokers.  Like I mentioned in question C, there are many factors that can influence the birth weight of a newborn. Unless all of the babies, fathers and mothers were exactly the same or similar, the results are inaccurate.References:Xuru's Website. (2013, 12 12). Retrieved 2015, from Online Descriptive Statistics: http://www.xuru.org/st/DS.aspSullivan, M. (2014). Fundamentals of Statistics, Fourth Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Q-200 wordA random sample of college students aged 18 to 24 years was obtained, and the number of hours of television watched in a typical week was recorded.Answer the following questions for your main post:Number Of Hours Of Television Watched 36.130.52.917.521.023.525.616.028.929.67.820.433.836.80.09.925.819.519.118.522.99.739.219.08.6Using the following normal probability plot, determine if the data could have come from a normal distribution.Determine the mean and standard deviation of the sample data.Using the sample mean and sample standard deviation obtained in part b as estimates for the population mean and population standard deviation, respectively, draw a graph of a normal model for the distribution of weekly hours of television watched. Please attach it to your main post. (Hint: You can use http://davidmlane.com/hyperstat/z_table.htmlto create your graph; take a screenshot and attach it to your main post. You can also draw it out by hand, take a picture with your phone, and attach that image.)Using the normal model from part (c), determine the proportion of college students aged 18 to 24 years who watch more than 40 hours of television per week (hint: use the website above to help you with this). Do you feel this is accurate? Why or why not?The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week:Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt.This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities.You may use resources in addition to your textbook that support your post(s); however, you must mention the source(s) that you used in your post(s).Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor.Responses to other individuals' posts should:Expand on their ideasDiscuss the differences between your thoughts and theirsExplain why you agree or disagreeFor citation guidelineQ-200 wordConsider the following research: Eight hours of nightly sleep is not the health panacea you were brought up to believe, according to a study released suggesting a link between too much slumber and a shorter life span.Sleep experts immediately sought to discredit the conclusions and said they will only cause confusion.The study, published in the Archives of General Psychiatry, included 1.1 million men and women and found a longer life span among those who sleep six to seven hours a night. The lifespan declines progressively among those who sleep eight hours or longer."Our study shows the average sleep for Americans of seven hours per night is safest," said Dr. Daniel Kripke, who led the study. Kripke is a professor of psychiatry who specializes in sleep research at the Univ. of California, San Diego. "You don't have to sleep eight hours per night; it's safe to sleep five, six or seven hours."The study showed people who slept 9 or 10 hours per night had a similar risk of dying to people with moderate obesity. Risk of death increased by 15 percent for those who slept 8 hours a night, 20 percent for those who get 9 hours of sleep and 35 to 40 percent for those who sleep 10 hours a night."This is a happy message for five, six, seven hour sleepers and insomniacs that there's nothing to worry about. This is reassuring," said Kripke.The National Sleep Foundation, which recommends eight hours of sleep per night for optimal health, immediately attacked the study's findings and said they can do nothing but cause the public unnecessary confusion and concern.In your main post, use what you have learned in this course so far (observation/experiment, sampling, bias, descriptive statistics, etc.) to critique this study.Do you agree or disagree with the study? Support your case using statistics. Present a summary of at least 4 sentences defending your position.The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week:Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt.This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities.You may use resources in addition to your textbook that support your post(s); however, you must mention the source(s) that you used in your post(s).Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor.Responses to other individuals' posts should:Expand on their ideasDiscuss the differences between your thoughts and theirsExplain why you agree or disagreeFor citation guidelines, please refer to the table in the APA Style section of the syllabus.Q-200 wordDong-Sik Kim and associates conducted a study to observe the relationship between an early onset of problem behaviors (alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and sexual intercourse) and suicidal behaviors (suicidal ideation and suicide attempts). They explored the effect of participation in these problem behaviors on suicidal behaviors using a population of Korean adolescent males and females.This study used two outcome variables: suicidal ideation (i.e., they thought about suicide) and suicide attempts. Participants were asked whether they had seriously considered attempting suicide and/or had made a suicide attempt during the past 12 months. Below is a table of their results:OR stands for Odds Ratio. Basically, when OR > 1, they are likely to do this, and when OR < 1 they are not likely. An OR value of 1 indicates no tendency either way. The greater the OR, the more likely the outcome.Non-initiators are students with no suicidal tendencies, used to compare against those with suicidal thoughts/actions (“initiators”). The term “behaviors” indicate one of four problem areas observed in the subject (alcohol drinking, cigarette smoking, and sexual intercourse). What is the fourth?(a) Look at the confidence interval for males with suicidal ideation and teen initiators with one behavior. According to this interval, is an OR value of 1 likely to happen for this group? Explain why or why not.(b) Which group among males has the highest odds/probability of suicide attempts? How did you determine this?(c) According to the confidence intervals, which groups might have an OR value of 1?(d) For female preteen initiators with three behaviors, how high might their OR be? How low might it be? How did you determine this?Q-200 wordRead the excerpts from the article “Stress can cause sneezes” (The New York Times, January 21, 1997) which are shown here:Studies suggest that stress doubles a person’s risk of getting a cold. Acute (severe) stress, lasting maybe only a few minutes, can lead to colds. One mystery that is still prevalent in cold research is that while many individuals are infected with the cold virus, very few actually get the cold. On average, up to 90 percent of people exposed to a cold virus become infected, meaning the virus multiplies in the body, but only 40 percent actually become sick. One researcher thinks that the accumulation of stress tips the infected person over into illness.The percentage of people exposed to a cold virus who actually get a cold is 40 percent. The researcher would like to assess if stress increases this percentage. So, the population of interest is people who are under (acute) stress.H0 _________________________________________H1 _________________________________________In your main post, use what you have learned in this course so far to answer the following:The null hypothesis, symbolized by H0, is a status quo or usual perspective about a population. The alternative hypothesis, symbolized by H1, is an alternative to the null hypothesis (the change in the population that the researcher is trying to prove true). State the appropriate hypotheses for assessing the researcher’s theory for the study above. (See pages 430-432 in your textbook for more information on hypothesis testing)The data collected are said to be statistically significant if they are very unlikely to be observed under the assumption that H0 is true. If the data is statistically significant, then our decision would be to reject (and go with H1). The analysis for this study stated that the data was statistically significant. What hypothesis was rejected? Does it appear that stress increases sickness?Could the researchers be mistaken about this? What are some ways you think might make the researchers think this, when it isn’t true?A “Type I” mistake happens if a researcher thinks H1 is true (based on the evidence) when actually H0 is true. What would be the consequence of making this mistake?Q-200 wordThe growth of children from early childhood through adolescence generally follows a linear pattern. Data on the heights of female Americans during childhood, from four to nine years old, were compiled and the least squares regression line was obtained as y = 80 + 6x, where y is height in centimeters and x is age in years. Note that 1 inch is equal to 2.54 centimeters.In your main post, use what you have learned in this course so far to answer the following:Interpret the value of the estimated slope b = 6.What does the y-intercept, a=80, represent? Does this make sense? Why or why not?What would you predict the height to be for a female American at 8 years old? Give your answer first in centimeters then in inches. (Hint: 1 in = 2.54 cm)Pick a number between 15 and 27. What would you predict the height to be for a female American at this age? Give your answer first in centimeters then in inches.Does the answer in part d make sense? In your own words, explain the statement “correlation does not imply causation” in this particular example.The minimum expectation for class discussions is to respond directly to each part of the discussion prompt and to respond to at least two other posts, either by a student or instructor, by the end of the week:Submit one main post responding directly to each part of the discussion prompt.This should be a substantive response to the topic(s) in your own words, referencing what you have discovered in your required reading and other learning activities.You may use resources in addition to your textbook that support your post(s); however, you must mention the source(s) that you used in your post(s).Reply to at least two posts. Responses can be made to students or to your instructor.Responses to other individuals' posts should:Expand on their ideasDiscuss the differences between your thoughts and theirsExplain why you agree or disagreeFor citation guidelines, please refer to the table in the APA Style section of the syllabus.
Tutorials for this Question
  1. ashim_ag
    Tutorial # 00049024 Posted By: ashim_ag Posted on: 03/03/2015 03:30 PM
    Puchased By: 3
    Tutorial Preview
    The solution of DQ 1 Submitted...
      Get the Solution
    Update History
    New attachment added: Stats_Discussion_2.docx (03/04/2015 09:31 AM)
    Attachments
    Stats_Discussion_1.docx (13.43 KB)
    Stats_Discussion_2.docx (15.13 KB)
  2. ashim_ag
    Tutorial # 00049947 Posted By: ashim_ag Posted on: 03/08/2015 05:02 PM
    Puchased By: 3
    Tutorial Preview
    The solution of Payment - tutorial NO answer ---- 100$ link...
      Get the Solution
    Attachments
    Solution-00049947.zip (87 KB)
Whatsapp Lisa