the historical evolution of attitudes toward psychological disorders
#1
When looking at the historical evolution of attitudes toward psychological disorders, general paresis is a disease with great significance because it:
a. provided the first evidence of a psychological disorder with a biological cause. | |
b. showed how psychological factors can produce actual physical abnormalities. | |
c. provided the first evidence supporting the vulnerability-stress model. | |
d. demonstrated how psychological factors can create physical symptoms that have no identifiable biological cause. |
#2
In the vulnerability-stress model of psychological disorders, vulnerabilities:
a. are only biological factors. | |
b. are only biological or psychological factors. | |
c. are only environmental factors. | |
d. can be biological, psychological, or environmental factors. |
#3
______________ is a strong and intense fear that is evoked in response to a particular situation.
a. A phobia | |
b. Generalized anxiety disorder | |
c. A somatoform disorder | |
d. Panic disorder |
#4
Poor coping skills and the lack of a social support network are examples of ______________ that can _____________ a person’s resistance to stress and the negative effects that stress can cause.
a. protective factors; increase | |
b. vulnerability factors; decrease | |
c. problem-focused coping; increase | |
d. emotion-focused coping; decrease |
#5
One of the primary differences between major depression and dysthymia is that:
a. dysthymia has more intense depressive symptoms than major depression does. | |
b. dysthymia is chronic and more long-term than major depression. | |
c. major depression includes physical symptoms, whereas dysthymia does not. | |
d. major depression includes mostly cognitive symptoms, whereas dysthymia consists of more motivational symptoms. |
#6
Jim often has the fear that he has left the gas stove on in his house and that because of this his house will burn down and kill his family. As a result, he frequently checks and rechecks the knobs on his stove all day long and often in the middle of the night. In this example, Jim’sthoughtsabout his house burning down would best be considered as an example of a(n):
a. compulsion. | |
b. situational phobia. | |
c. mania. | |
d. obsession. |
#7
The primary goal of _________________ is to transfer the primary focus of treatment for patients suffering from extreme and chronic mental disorders from the hospital to the community.
a. social skills training | |
b. deinstitutionalization | |
c. interpersonal therapy | |
d. behavior modification |
#8
Somatoform disorders involve :
a. anxiety reactions to bodily sensations like increased heart rate and breathlessness. | |
b. physical complaints with no known biological cause. | |
c. depressive reactions to stressful life events. | |
d. development of alternative personalities in response to trauma. |
#9
Which of the following is considered to be one of the dissociative disorders?
a. conversion disorder | |
b. bipolar disorder | |
c. psychogenic fugue | |
d. schizophrenia |
#10
Tricyclics, monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) were all mentioned as drug treatments for which of the following disorders?
a. anxiety | |
b. schizophrenia | |
c. depression | |
d. somatoform disorders |
#11
A key difference between major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder is that:
a. bipolar disorder includes manic symptoms whereas major depressive disorder does not. | |
b. major depressive disorder includes manic symptoms whereas bipolar disorder does not. | |
c. bipolar disorder includes depressive symptoms whereas major depressive disorder does not. | |
d. major depressive disorder includes depressive symptoms whereas bipolar disorder does not. |
#12
According to ____________________, people become depressed when they expect bad things to occur and assume that there is nothing they can do to prevent them.
a. learned helplessness theory | |
b. the depressive cognitive triad | |
c. childhood loss/rejection theory | |
d. the depressive attributional pattern |
#13
_________________ is a psychological disorder that involves severe disturbances in thinking, speech, perception, emotion, and behavior and is described by the text as being the most serious and puzzling psychological disorder.
a. Schizophrenia | |
b. Dissociative identity disorder | |
c. Conversion disorder | |
d. Clinical depression |
#14
Jack is a very impulsive 18-year old who is often getting into trouble at school. He destroys school property and embarrasses and even injures his fellow classmates, but feels little anxiety or guilt for what he does. Though he is socially skilled, he does not have any close friendships or relationships. It is most likely that Jack would be diagnosed with:
a. paranoid personality disorder. | |
b. antisocial personality disorder. | |
c. borderline personality disorder. | |
d. dependent personality disorder. |
#15
A long-term disorder characterized by extreme unresponsiveness to others, poor communication skills, and highly repetitive and rigid behavior patterns is known as:
a. psychosis. | |
b. dementia. | |
c. autism. | |
d. attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. |
#16
Though they can be quite different from one another, the basic goal of all therapies is to
a. identity important unconscious factors and change people’s personalities for the better. | |
b. allow for the expression of previously denied or suppressed emotions. | |
c. put people in touch with their innate tendencies for growth so that they can gain more personal freedom in their lives. | |
d. change maladaptive patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving so that people can lead happier lives. |
#17
A therapist asks her client to begin sharing the various thoughts and feelings that are currently in her awareness. This continues for several minutes, with the client commenting on the changing process of what is appearing in her conscious mind. This therapist is using the therapeutic technique known as:
a. analyzing the transference. | |
b. free association. | |
c. random reporting. | |
d. insight. |
#18
Research studies suggest that there is a genetic predisposition for anxiety disorders, and it has been suggested that this vulnerability may take the form of a:
a. nervous system that overreacts to perceived threats. | |
b. nervous system that under-reacts to perceived threats. | |
c. chronically over-aroused nervous system. | |
d. chronically under-aroused nervous system. |
#19
A problem with the deinstitutionalization movement has been
a. many patients need to be re-admitted. | |
b. communities do not have the resources to care for patients. | |
c. many patients become homeless. | |
d. all of these |
#20
____________ is said to occur when a therapy client responds to his therapist as if the therapist was an important figure from his past.
a. Transference | |
b. Resistance | |
c. Wish fulfillment | |
d. Insight |
#21
Someone who is afraid to leave their house because they are afraid of being in public places would most likely be diagnosed as having:
a. generalized anxiety disorder. | |
b. agoraphobia. | |
c. environmental phobia. | |
d. social phobia. |
#22
Studies showing that most of the therapeutic improvement of clients occurs by the 26th session of psychotherapy make a strong argument that:
a. traditional long-term psychoanalysis yields significantly better patient outcomes than brief psychodynamic therapy does. | |
b. there is little empirical evidence supporting the psychoanalytic concept of resistance. | |
c. interpretations do not appear to be necessary for psychoanalytic therapy to be effective. | |
d. brief psychodynamic therapy is a viable and effective alternative to traditional psychoanalysis. |
#23
Research studies of depressed individuals have indicated that they tend to attribute:
a. positive outcomes to themselves and negative outcomes to external causes. | |
b. negative outcomes to themselves and positive outcomes to external causes. | |
c. both positive and negative outcomes to themselves. | |
d. both positive and negative outcomes to external causes. |
#24
All of the following were mentioned by Carl Rogers as important and essential therapist characteristics EXCEPT:
a. empathy. | |
b. self-consistency. | |
c. unconditional positive regard. | |
d. genuineness. |
#25
_______________ are false beliefs that are maintained in the face of contradictory evidence and they play a central role in ______________.
a. Hallucinations; dissociative identity disorder | |
b. Delusions; schizophrenia | |
c. Helpless thoughts; anxiety | |
d. Catastrophic thoughts; depression |
#26
In Albert Ellis’s ABCD model of emotional disturbance, the A stands for the:
a. antecedent. | |
b. activating event. | |
c. automatic thoughts. | |
d. aversive situation. |
#27
A type of questionnaire called a ________________ asks people about such things as 1) whether a stressful event occurred, 2) whether their interpretation of the event was positive or negative, and 3) whether the event was a major event or a daily hassle.
a. transactional stress scale. | |
b. cognitive appraisal questionnaire. | |
c. life event scale. | |
d. polygraph. |
#28
The text defines abnormal behavior as containing all of the following elements EXCEPT:
a. it is psychologically determined. | |
b. it is personally distressing. | |
c. it is personally dysfunctional. | |
d. it is culturally deviant. |
#29
Which of the following lists the six stages of the transtheoretical model in the proper order?
a. contemplation, precontemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination | |
b. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination | |
c. preparation, precontemplation, contemplation, action, maintenance, termination | |
d. precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, maintenance, action, termination |
#30
Token economies are often used in _______________ and they attempt to modify behavior by using _______________.
a. exposure therapy; negative reinforcement | |
b. systematic desensitization; relaxation training | |
c. aversion therapy; punishment | |
d. behavior modification; positive reinforcement |
#31
Flashbacks in dreams and personal guilt about surviving fatal catastrophes are both common features of:
a. posttraumatic stress disorder. | |
b. schizophrenia. | |
c. panic disorder. | |
d. obsessive-compulsive disorder. |
#32
One of the side effects of antipsychotic medications is the disorder called tardive dyskinesia. The symptoms of this disorder include:
a. intense anxiety, nausea, and restlessness. | |
b. dramatic shifts in personality. | |
c. grotesque movements of the face and tongue. | |
d. sweating, insomnia, and sexual dysfunction. |
#33
All of the following would be considered examples of positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT:
a. delusions | |
b. hallucinations | |
c. disordered speech | |
d. flat affect |
#34
The main tenet of the vulnerability-stress model is that
a. everyone is vulnerable to stress. | |
b. everyone has some degree of vulnerability to developing a psychological disorder if they are exposed to enough stress. | |
c. vulnerability is inversely related to stress. | |
d. none of these |
#35
People who held the demonological perspective on psychological disorders would sometimes treat abnormal behaviors by chiseling a small hole in the head of the individual in an attempt to release the evil spirit trapped inside. This procedure was called:
a. a lobotomy. | |
b. trephination. | |
c. primitive psychological surgery. | |
d. spirit elimination. |
#36
One of the problems associated with deinstitutionalization is what is called _________________, where the majority of hospital admissions involve people who have previously been hospitalized.
a. the deterioration effect | |
b. psychological regression | |
c. the revolving door phenomenon | |
d. spontaneous remission |
#37
The three stages of Hans Selye’s general adaptation syndrome (GAS) are:
a. alarm, resistance, and resolution. | |
b. activation, plateau, and exhaustion. | |
c. activation, resistance, and recovery. | |
d. alarm, resistance, and exhaustion. |
#38
Which of the following provides the best description of the Type A personality?
a. competitive, hostile, and demanding | |
b. sociable, nice, and emotionally inhibited | |
c. aggressive, friendly, and pressed for time | |
d. relaxed, agreeable, and experiences minimal time pressure |
#39
In a 30-year study of “resilient” or “invulnerable” children like Priscilla, who was discussed in the text, one factor that appeared to be common to all children who survived and thrived in very difficult situations was having:
a. at least one person who believed in them and provided social support. | |
b. a very strong and resilient immune system. | |
c. a strong, optimistic personality style. | |
d. learned both problem- and emotion-focused coping skills at a young age. |
#40
In the case of the unusual East Indian hook-hanging ritual discussed in the text, it is most likely that the specific _____________ associated with the ritual transformed the person’s __________.
a. religious meanings; interpretations of the pain | |
b. religious meanings; pain receptor cells | |
c. ceremonial herbs; interpretations of the pain | |
d. ceremonial herbs; pain receptor cells |
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Solution: the historical evolution of attitudes toward psychological disorders