study of the garbage people throw away may

GED 210
Text:

Cultural Anthropology: A Global Perspective
8th Edition, 2012
ISBN 13: 978-0-205-15880-5

Author(s):

Raymond Scupin

Publisher:

Pearson / Prentice Hall

925 North Spurgeon Street, Santa Ana, CA 92701
Phone: 714-547-9625 Fax: 714-547-5777
www.calcoast.edu
12/14

Final Examination

Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without written
permission from the publisher, except for the inclusion of brief quotation
in review.
Copyright © 2014 by California Coast University

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

Multiple Choice Questions (Enter your answers on the enclosed answer sheet)

1. study of the garbage people throw away may reveal more about their lifestyles than surveys
A
and interviews because:
a. garbage is easier to analyze than survey data
b. eople will often lie about their bad habits
p
c. fieldwork in garbage dumps is less expensive
d. surveys and interviews are done by sociologists
2. __________ linguistics, which focuses on the comparison and classification of different
languages to reveal historical links, can often be used to confirm inferences derived from
archaeological or paleoanthropological research on ancient population movements.
a. Historical
b. Socioc. Structural
d. Evolutionary
3. An anthropologist interested in structural linguistics might consider doing research on:
a. the relationship between Chinese and Japanese
b. whether bilingual children think differently from children who know only one language
c. why some people speak with a southern accent only when they are with family
members
d. hat languages are spoken in highland Peru
w
4. Most of the research of anthropologist Bambi Schieffelin falls under the category of:
a. sociolinguistics
b. ethnomusicology
c. forensic anthropology
d. prehistoric archaeology
5. unique research strategy of anthropologists which involves learning the language and culture
A
of a group by participating in the group’s daily activities is called:
a. assimilation
b. holistic interaction
c. ethnography
d. participant observation

5

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

6. nthropology is said to be “holistic” because it:
A
a. is concerned with primitive societies
b. akes use of both written and spoken sources
m
c. combines studies of biological and cultural phenomena
d. studies the mystical aspects of human experience
7. When a scientist begins with a general theory from which testable hypotheses are developed,
he or she is said to be using the __________ method.
a. deductive
b. paradigm
c. inductive
d. hypothesis
8. nterconnected hypotheses that offer general explanations for natural or social phenomena are
I
called:
a. paradigms
b. theories
c. deductive methods
d. inductive facts
9. The ____________ model of hominid evolution suggests that the gradual evolution of homo
erectus into modern human (homo sapiens) populations took place in different regions of the
old world, not in one area of the world.
a. multiregional
b. replacement
c. “Garden of Eden”
d. “Eve hypothesis”
10. The term “Paleolithic” also means:
a. “old Stone Age”
b. “ancient knowledge”
c. “before Adam”
d. “cave people”
11. he most important technological development in stone tool production for the upper
T
Paleolithic period was the ability to make:
a. sharpened cores
b. long, narrow blades
c. scraping tools
d. hand axes

6

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

12. Archaeologists believe that the first humans came to the new world from __________.
a. Asia
b. Australia
c. Europe
d. Africa
13. The upper Paleolithic period, which dates from about 40,000 to 10,000 years ago, was
characterized by:
a. big game hunting
b. blade tools of many traditions
c. the invention of composite tools
d. All of the above.
14. pper Paleolithic hunters increased the power and accuracy of their projectiles by using:
U
a. slingshots
b. spear throwers
c. bows and arrows
d. stone projectile points
15. The term “composite tool” refers to an artifact made by:
a. firing clay into a hard material
b. using bone or antler to remove thin flakes
c. utting two or more materials together
p
d. several different people
16. At the 15,000-year-old site at Mezirich in the Ukraine, archaeologists have excavated the
remains of five shelters made from:
a. rough stone slabs
b. blocks of marble
c. tree trunks
d. mammoth bones
17. An example of a “more” would be:
a. ating with a knife, fork, and spoon
e
b. not appearing nude in public
c. nviting the neighbors over for a barbecue
i
d. forgetting to thank the hostess for inviting you

7

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

18. When people express disapproval that a healthy, intelligent, unmarried person with no
children is living with their parents at age 30, their attitude reflects a common ___________
of society in the United States.
a. more
b. ethos
c. folkway
d. ideology
19. To combat the problem of ethnocentrism, twentieth-century anthropologists developed the
concept of cultural __________.
a. relativism
b. primacy
c. symbolism
d. hegemony
20. The Amish emphasize their ethnic differences through __________.
a. language and dress
b. strange haircuts
c. cars and trains
d. using the newest technology
21. Which of the following is true of symbols?
a. They are rooted deeply in genetic structure.
b. They are different for everyone.
c. They cannot be easily identified.
d. They are arbitrary but meaningful units we use to represent reality.
22. Ways of enforcing mores involve the use of:
a. gossip and public ridicule
b. arrest and imprisonment
c. economic discrimination
d. All of the above.
23. Anthropologists have discovered that children raised together in Israeli Kibbutzim:
a. will usually have successful marriages to one another as adults
b. ake lousy marriage partners for one another
m
c. ave a natural tendency towards homosexuality
h
d. tend to have little appreciation for nuclear families

8

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

24. Cross-cultural studies of human sexual desire have revealed that:
a. in all cultures, adults seek to engage in regular sexual activity
b. sexual desire and sexual activity are strongly conditioned by cultural practices
c. there are universal taboos against premarital sex
d. human sexual desire is greatest among people who live in the tropics
25. Value judgments concerning homosexuality are based on:
a. genetics
b. behavior
c. anatomy
d. culture
26. The term “berdache” is used to refer to men in Native American societies who:
a. assert their personal power through public displays of heterosexual prowess
b. hoose to abstain from sex so they can focus on spiritual growth
c
c. wear female clothing and offer sexual services to male warriors
d. participate in homosexual activity only when they are preparing for war
27. The Hijras of India are anatomically male at the time of their birth. However, after having
their genitals surgically removed, they dress like females and engage in certain male-only
activities like smoking water pipes. In Indian society, they are considered to be:
a. social deviants
b. men
c. women
d. a third gender
28. Claude Lévi-Strauss, in a book entitled The Savage Mind (1966), proposed that:
a. people in small-scale societies have different thought patterns than urban dwellers
b. t is impossible to compare logical systems of primitive and civilized societies
i
c. there is a universal, logical structure to all human cognition, regardless of culture
d. the thought systems of traditional, indigenous people are superior to our own
29. Noam Chomsky suggests humans are born with a brain prewired to enable us to acquire
languages easily. This “prewiring” is referred to as __________.
a. syntax
b. universal grammar
c. infinite model
d. functional template

9

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

30. f someone came up to you and said, “oh, you see everything through rose-colored glasses,”
I
this might suggest to you that the person speaking agrees with the premises of:
a. Noam Chomsky’s transformational-generative grammar model
b. Derek Bickerton’s creole-pidgin theory
c. the Sapir-whorf hypothesis
d. the linguistic field theory
31. Even though all humans have approximately the same set of special senses for perceiving
reality (eyes, ears, noses), not all of the sensations in the environment reach our
consciousness in the same way since each language filters out different parts of reality.
Each language provides the speaker with a built-in filter that heightens, dims, or eliminates
certain perceptions, thus determining how we perceive reality. This thesis is called the:
a. Chomsky theory
b. Sapir-whorf hypothesis
c. filter theory
d. Sieve theory
32. Attempts to change linguistic habits such as the adoption of more neutral terms like
firefighter, police officer, and first-year student for gender-biased ones like fireman,
policeman, and freshman are based on:
a. he idea that language influences social perceptions and gender relations
t
b. he fact that the deep structure of language, as proposed by Noam Chomsky, is like a
t
fluid sea that can be molded easily to fit social reality
c. False premises about the surface structure of language and the role of gender in
society
d. the theory of glottochronology of gender as proposed by Morris Swadesh
33. Glottochronology is:
a. an ancient Germanic language
b. a technique used to discover the original language of the Neanderthals
c. the study of the way the vocal tract is formed to help understand early language
learning in children
d. a technique for dating the separation of languages
34. “Did I hear you say that there are four pounds of sulfur in the box?” versus “Did I hear ya
say that there are foah pounds of sulfuh in the box?” Is an example of:
a. correct and incorrect English
b. dialect differences in English
c. how surface structure and deep structure interact
d. the difference between syntax and semantics

10

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

35. The opposite of cultural relativism is:
a. biological relativism
b. ethnocentrism
c. societal demagoguery
d. biological realism
36. The view that society consists of institutions that serve vital purposes for its people is known
as:
a. Functionalism
b. Structuralism
c. Servitude
d. Utilitarianism
37. he term “functionalism” in anthropology refers to the notion that:
T
a. Ethnographers are competent observers of human culture.
b. Some societies are “functional” while others are “dysfunctional.”
c. Cultural practices function to fulfill specific needs in a given society.
d. Culture is transmitted through functions like rituals and ceremonies.
38. The existence of a “joking relationship” (one in which interaction is typified by friendly
teasing) between a man and his brothers-in-law would be explained by anthropologist
Radcliffe-Brown as:
a. structured relationship whose function is to reduce potential hostility
a
b. evidence for cultural influences on individual personality
c. an example of the importance of cultural relativism in kinship roles
d. the basis for materialistic behavior
39. According to Malinowski, magic __________.
a. has a basis in the existence of supernatural powers in all cultures
b. functions to relieve the anxieties of individuals
c. only works when it has the full participation of a given society
d. as no useful purpose for thinking people
h
40. According to white’s theory of the evolution of sociocultural systems, the most highly evolved
culture would be one:
a. sing nuclear energy to generate electricity
u
b. dependent upon animals to pull plows
c. ith industries powered by coal and steam
w
d. based on the use of human labor alone

11

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

41. Political systems with centralized bureaucratic institutions that establish power and authority
over large populations in a specific territory are known as:
a. bands
b. tribes
c. chiefdoms
d. states
42. Clearly defined norms of a society that provides punishment when violated through the
application of formal sanctions by a ruling authority are called:
a. internalized norms
b. ethos
c. laws
d. taboos
43. Ethnologist Leopold Pospisil has suggested that there are four criteria that must be present
in order for a norm to be considered a law. Which of the following is not one of these
criteria?
a. authority
b. intention of universal application
c. obligation
d. internalization
44. Cross-cultural studies:
a. allow anthropologists to make distinctions between behaviors that are culture specific
and those that are universal
b. make it possible for anthropologists to determine if a social trait is biologically
inherited or culturally derived
c. re not used anymore by anthropologists; this older methodology has been shown to
a
produce false results due to time and geographic lag
d. cannot be conducted today because there has been too much migration from one
culture to another due to modern transportation
45. Full-time religious specialists who serve in an official capacity as the custodians of sacred
knowledge are:
a. Shamans
b. Myth-holders
c. Priests and priestesses
d. Ritual retainers

12

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

46. Repetitive religious behaviors that communicate sacred symbols to members of society are:
a. rituals
b. myths
c. shamans
d. norms
47. The Kung San term hxaro refers to:
a. a system for circulating material possessions among individuals
b. a complex ritual performed by young boys before their first hunt
c. trade with their agricultural neighbors
d. a type of root obtained in the spring with pointed digging sticks
48. A common form of generalized reciprocity in our society is:
a. common acceptance of the value of the dollar
b. ommunal use of public restrooms
c
c. a salary increase accompanying a job promotion
d. getting and giving birthday presents
49. What form of reciprocity would you expect to be the least common among Kung San, Mbuti,
and Inuit groups?
a. balanced reciprocity
b. generalized reciprocity
c. negative reciprocity
d. unbalanced reciprocity
50. Negative reciprocity most likely occurs between:
a. friends in modern, westernized societies
b. people of the opposite sex
c. eople who differ in age and status
p
d. strangers and enemies
51. The phrase “original affluent society” refers to:
a. the earliest foragers who lived in rich environments
b. the notion that hunter-gatherers spend little time working
c. the ancient Egyptian civilization
d. he concept of the “noble savage”
t

13

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

52. It has been suggested that, in forager societies, the more concentrated and predictable the
resources:
a. the less likely the group will be egalitarian in nature
b. he least amount of reciprocity will occur
t
c. the more pronounced the conceptions of private ownership and exclusive rights to
territories
d. he more likely it will be that negative reciprocity will occur when individuals meet
t
53. When two or more clans recognize that they share a common genealogical relationship, the
more general grouping of these clans is known as a:
a. patrilineage
b. moiety
c. phratry
d. descent group
54. A society that is organized into moieties (a terminology derived from the french) has a
particular social organization that structures it into:
a. several competing patrilineal clans
b. a single, fictional family
c. a clear, pyramidal hierarchy
d. qual halves with specific functions
e
55. Levi-Strauss has used the term “generalized exchange” to refer to a cycle of marital
exchange in which, among lineages a, b, and c:
a. en of each lineage always marry within their lineage
m
b. men of lineages a and b always marry women from lineage c
c. lineage b always gives women to lineage a, but takes its wives from lineage c
d. men of each lineage always marry outside of their lineage
56. olygyny in tribal societies is most closely related to:
P
a. hunting practices
b. bride service
c. a moiety social structure
d. the practice of warfare
57. When the descent group of a man transfers some of its wealth to the descent group of a
woman at or around the time of their marriage, this practice is known as:
a. bondage
b. levirate
c. bridewealth
d. chattel
14

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

58. Among the functions of bridewealth is:
a. guaranteeing that a woman will be considered personal property
b. ompensation to her family for the loss of a woman’s labor
c
c. freeing the husband of any responsibilities to the bride’s kin group
d. paying for the costs of an elaborate wedding
59. A major function of music, dance, and poetry in chiefdom societies was to:
a. provide entertainment and comic relief for the chief and his family
b. pay homage to the legitimacy of the chiefs and their ancestral deities
c. enable the lower classes to have an outlet for their hostilities that did not threaten the
chiefs
d. divide society into different artistic strata to promote competition and creativity
60. A hierarchical society is one in which:
a. all individuals have an equal opportunity to achieve wealth and status
b. a town or village is ruled by a tribal council of elders or respected individuals
c. some individuals have access to more wealth, status, and power than others
d. olitical authority is expressed in pictographic symbols called hieroglyphs
p
61. The political structures of chiefdoms differ from those of tribes because in a chiefdom:
a. leadership is vested in an institutionalized office that exists independently of a
particular person
b. the central leadership position is inherited or passed down within a single ruling
family
c. tribal leaders maintain absolute authority, usually enforced by physical intimidation
d. political power derives mostly from personal qualities, such as intelligence or skill
62. The rule of primogeniture in the succession of political authority:
a. rovided for continuity of the political system and avoided a power struggle when the
p
chief died
b. enhanced the prestige of the king
c. usually caused a power struggle within the central chiefly hierarchy
d. often generated regional warfare that was tied to the symbiosis of the area
63. Through the control of resources and surplus goods, chiefs were able to ensure loyalty and
deference from the general population. This status and authority enabled the chiefs to do
all of the following except:
a. recruit armies
b. distribute land and water rights to certain families
c. entence someone to death for violating social norms
s
d. maintain absolute power over their subjects
15

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

64. According to anthropologist, Robert Carneiro, the objective of many chiefs was to:
a. ncrease the extent of their territory in order to control the surplus production of
i
surrounding communities
b. aintain the peace with their neighbors in order to avoid armed conflict
m
c. ecome full-time religious leaders and use impressive rites and rituals to prove they
b
were gods
d. disencumber themselves of material possessions and incur debts of personal
obligations from their followers through potlatch-like ceremonies
65. lavery took on different forms depending upon the political economies and demographic
S
features of the agricultural state society. For example, in some African societies, slavery
corresponded to an “open system” in which slaves could be incorporated into domestic kin
groups and even become upwardly mobile. In contrast, “closed systems” of slavery provided
no opportunities for upward mobility or incorporation into kin groups. The open system of
slavery occurred:
a. where land was scarce and population density high
b. here land was relatively abundant and less populated
w
c. in areas that had rigid caste systems such as Greece, Rome, and China
d. hen there was a lot of surplus generated from agriculture and new markets needed
w
to be opened to accommodate the distribution of this excess wealth
66. The first codified laws originated in the near eastern civilization of Babylon. Based on
standardized procedures for dealing with civil and criminal offenses, this Babylonian code of
law is known as the:
a. Laws of Babylon
b. Precepts of order
c. Code of hammurabi
d. Civil enactments of order
67. State organized rituals were also referred to as:
a. rites of legitimation
b. universalistic religions
c. ecclesiastical religions
d. religious traditions
68. Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism are considered ___________ religions
because their spiritual messages apply to all of humanity rather than just their own cultural
history and legacy.
a. ecclesiastical
b. animistic
c. universalistic
d. volatile

16

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

69. State organized rituals that reinforced divine authority of the ruler are known as:
a. rites of authority
b. rites of legitimation
c. rites of power
d. ceremonies of intimidation
70. Of the following, which is not a stated reason for the collapse of state-level societies?

a. an innate, inevitable aspect of society
b. depletion of key resources
c. human mismanagement
d. people tired of repressive governments

71. The primary mode of social mobility in Japanese society is:
a. education
b. luck
c. inheritance
d. what is called burakumin and eta
72. There are about three million native-born Japanese who are descendants of people who
worked in the leather-tanning business. These individuals, even though they are physically
indistinguishable from other Japanese, have the lowest status in japan and are confined to
ghetto areas. They are known as:
a. burakumin or eta
b. samurai
c. ninja
d. degradus
73. As Europe and America began to industrialize, the political organizations were transformed.
Members of the middle class became economically powerful and were drawn to ideas of
popular sovereignty. Popular sovereignty means that:
a. kings and queens should retain ultimate political power
b. people, rather than rulers, were the ultimate source of political authority
c. what is trendy at the moment is the best way to run the economy
d. olitical power should be vested in the elite and upper classes, rather than the lower
p
classes
74. A sense of loyalty to the nation-state based on shared language, values, and culture is called:
a. perestroika
b. ethnocentrism
c. nationalism
d. statehood
17

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

75. One of the most distinctive features of law in industrial societies is the proliferation of public
and procedural law, referred to as:
a. tort law
b. administrative law
c. habeas corpus
d. litigation law
76. The decline in the influence of religion in society is called:
a. de-evolution
b. secularization
c. atheism
d. conservatism
77. Yanomamö Indians who chose to reside in Christian mission stations:
a. have enjoyed unprecedented economic success
b. re unusually 100% literate in their native language
a
c. are taught to value and preserve their native culture
d. have become completely dependent on the missionaries
78. The adoption of the shotgun by Yanomamö hunters has resulted in:
a. epletion of game animals from rainforest habitats
d
b. rotein surpluses in the Yanomamö diet
p
c. reduction of hunting ranges
d. ndependence from a western cash economy
i
79. The discovery of gold within Yanomamö territory has led to:
a. economic prosperity for certain rainforest tribes
b. increased government taxation of Indian communities
c. assacres of Yanomamö men, women, and children
m
d. better definitions of reservation boundaries
80. Saudi Arabian control of the Al-murrah bedouins has been accomplished by making their
traditional leader, the emir:
a. the head of an independent state
b. a common Saudi citizen
c. a prisoner for life
d. a dependent government official

18

GED210 Introduction to Cultural Anthropology

Final Examination

81. Throughout the Arabian peninsula, bedouin communities are becoming:
a. absorbed into existing nation-states
b. economically self-sufficient
c. autonomous nations with their own governments
d. wealthy through oil revenues
82. As a result of policies of industrialization and modernization under the Shah of Iran, the
Qashqa’i nomads began to:
a. demand more autonomy
b. manufacture cigars
c. adapt an agricultural way of life
d. live in cities like Tehran
83. Among the many racist events in U.S. History, little-known legislation in several states made
which...