SOC331 Week 2 Discussion (dq1+dq2)

SOC331 Week 2 Discussion 

Dq1

Justice from Four Perspectives: Family, Community, State, and Nation. In Chapter 2, the author urges students to “look at justice through the lens of reason” by developing “frameworks that permit careful analysis and evaluation of competing views” (Dreisbach, 2013, Section 2.1). He provides an example of such a framework by analyzing how the concept of justice varies when viewed from the different perspectives of family, community, state, and nation. In this discussion, you will apply this framework to analyze justice issues arising from demands for the legalization of a traditionally prohibited behavior in the United States – same-sex marriage. Before responding, carefully read the discussion question below:

According to the revised 2010 Census, in the United States there were 131,729 same-sex married couple households and 514,735 same-sex unmarried partner households. As of December 2012:

a. Thirty-eight states have state constitutional provisions or other laws restricting marriage to one man and one woman;

b. Nine states and the District of Columbia issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples;

c. One state recognizes marriages by same-sex couples legally entered into in another jurisdiction;

d. Eight states provide the equivalent of state-level spousal rights to same-sex couples (civil unions) within the state; and

e. Two states provide some state-level spousal rights to same-sex couples within the state (e.g., domestic partnerships, designated beneficiaries).

Consequently, in at least 30 states same-sex couples are denied the many legal and economic benefits that are available to married heterosexual couples. Additionally, in 1996 Congress enacted and President Bill Clinton signed the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) which:

a. Defines marriage, for the purpose of receiving federal legal and economic benefits, as the legal union of one man and one woman; and

b. Permits a state not to recognize a marriage legally entered in another state between persons of the same sex.

Analyze both the distributive and commutative justice of this complex situation from each of these different perspectives:

a. A same-sex couple who was legally married in one state but whose private sector jobs require them to live in another state that legally restricts marriage to traditional hetero couples.

b. The highly urbanized and socially liberal community, in which that same-sex couple lives, where the city government grants city employees who are registered domestic partners (regardless of sex) the insurance and other fringe-benefits it grants to legally married (heterosexual) couples.

c. The mostly rural state where they live, which some observers characterize as being part of the “Bible-belt”.

d. The nation of the United States of America which is governed by President Barack Obama who has instructed his Department of Justice to not defend DOMA when its constitutionality is challenged in the federal courts (several of which have held parts of the law to be unconstitutional).

Dq2

Justice and Socio-Economic Class. In Chapter 2 of the textbook, the author describes meanings for the concept of socio-economic class and analyzes how perceptions of justice may be influenced by class distinctions in American society (see Section 2.4). He also references the related views of two provocative and thought-provoking contemporary scholars. Robert H. Frank provides an economic analysis, and Charles Murray offers a socio-cultural interpretation. In this discussion, you will summarize the perspective of one ofthese scholars and evaluate its relevance to understanding how class influences beliefs about justice. Review the questions below and select one (only one) of these scholars as the focus of your initial post.

a. Robert H. Frank. Debates about distributive justice among economic classes often characterize the outlook of the rich as libertarian, the views of the poor as egalitarian, and the perspective of the middle-class as utilitarian. This over-simplified framework may translate into conflicting ideologies about the role of government in achieving economic justice. On one extreme are libertarian proponents of the free market and on the other extreme are egalitarian proponents of socialism. In the middle are a variety of “mixed” approaches to the role of government in the economy that promote utilitarian concepts of distributive justice – the greatest good for the greatest possible number of people. Cornell University economist Robert Frank, in his recent provocative book, The Darwin Economy: Liberty, Competition, and the Common Good, rejects – but not completely – both the libertarian and egalitarian extremes. Instead, he advocates a new role for government that encourages individuals toward self-interested economic behavior that also advances the economic welfare of all members of the community. In your initial post, summarize Frank’s arguments – both his criticism of the libertarian and egalitarian extremes. Then, analyze his proposals on how to achieve greater economic justice for the whole community. Finally, evaluate the relevance or usefulness of his views for understanding how economic class differences may influence perceptions of distributive justice. Do you think his views may be appreciated as just by rich people? Poor people? Middle-class people? Explain your conclusion. To help you successfully complete this discussion, review the following resources in the order they are listed:

§ Darwin, the market whiz

§ Robert Frank on "the Darwin economy"

§ Robert Frank: "The Darwin economy: Liberty, competition, and the common good" [Radio broadcast]

b. Charles Murray. Commutative justice rests on a shared understanding of the rights and responsibilities of all parties to the basic social contract that holds a society together. On one level, the U.S. Constitution might be characterized as part of the social contract on which the American political system is based. But on a deeper, more fundamental, level, the social contract includes shared values which shape our expectations of others and ourselves with respect to morality, culture, self-reliance, and collective responsibility. Charles Murray, a political scientist at the conservative American Enterprise Institute, calls into question the relevance of the social contract which he sees as the source of “the founding virtues” on which American civic life depends. In his recent provocative book, Coming Apart: The State of White America, 1960-2010, he argues that “Our nation is coming apart at the seams” – “not ethnic seams, but the seams of class” (Confessore, 2012). He focuses on what he sees as the social and moral collapse of the white working class and the growing cultural gap between them and the white upper class. In your initial post, summarize Murray’s description of the white working class and the white upper class. Also, analyze the basis for his pessimistic outlook about government’s ability to solve this problem and re-invigorate America’s social contract. Finally, evaluate the relevance or usefulness of his views for understanding how socio-economic class differences may influence perceptions of commutative justice. Do the white working class and the white upper class no longer have a shared understanding of the rights and responsibilities of the basic social contract? Explain your conclusion. To help you successfully complete this discussion, review the following resources in the order they are listed:

§ Tramps like them: Charles Murray examines the white working class in ‘Coming Apart’

§ Can the working class be saved?

§ Charles Murray on white America [Radio broadcast]