PSYC352. Test 1 Latest 2021

Question 1Of the four goals of behavioral science, description of behavior involves

careful observation of things that are observable, such as eye gaze and running speed.

regular observation of a specific behavior to ensure that two events are systematically related to one another.

explaining the events that have been previously described.

understanding the reason behind the occurrence of certain types of behavior.

Question 2Scientific ________ insists that ideas be evaluated on the basis of careful logic and results from scientific investigations.

fanaticism

didacticism

radicalism

skepticism

Question 3Determining the cause of behavior is an important goal of behavioral science because

one needs to know the causes of behavior to know how to change the behavior.

predicting behavior necessitates knowing the exact cause of the behavior.

there is always the risk of generating an erroneous description of a specific behavior if one does not know the cause of the behavior.

it adds to the credibility of the scientist involved in behavioral research.

Question 4Which of the following is an important consideration that people in all organizations too often fail to remember when new ideas are implemented?

Social scientists should evaluate each program to determine if it is having its intended effect and if it is not, alternative programs should be tried.

Scientists should have strong ethical principles and be committed to treating those who participate in research investigations with respect and dignity.

Legislators who control the budgets of research-granting agencies of the government have demanded that research be directly relevant to specific social issues.

Both basic and applied research are important, and neither can be considered superior to the other.

Question 5The distinction between basic research and applied research is that basic research

relies on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology, whereas applied research relies on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology.

relies on the social sciences such as psychology or sociology, whereas applied research relies on the fundamental sciences such as chemistry or biology.

focuses on fundamental questions, often of a theoretical nature, whereas applied research focuses on identifying and resolving practical problems.

focuses on identifying and resolving practical problems, whereas applied research focuses on fundamental questions, often of a theoretical nature.

Question 6Kenneth knows that when Jeremy drinks alcohol, he becomes very talkative. This identification of a cause of Jeremy's talkative behavior based on order of events exemplifies

temporal precedence.

covariation of cause and effect.

elimination of alternative explanations.

observational analysis.

Question 7Professor Gordon finds that students who read newspapers daily display more knowledge of current events than students who do not read newspapers daily. What type of evidence does this identification of a cause of behavior exemplify?

cognitive awareness

temporal precedence of cause

covariation of cause and effect

elimination of alternative explanations

Question 8________ is a cognitive bias that occurs when a person focuses on two events that stand out and occur together.

Skepticism

Falsifiability

Illusory correlation

Temporal precedence

Question 9The statement "Participants in quiet environments score consistently higher on math achievement tests than participants in noisy environments" is an example of ________ behavior.

explaining

predicting

describing

understanding

Question 10Which of the following is true of the scientific approach to acquiring knowledge?

Scientists accept the pronouncements of anyone on faith.

Scientists do not rely on intuition and assertions of authorities for research ideas.

A person can accept on faith the statements of any authority.

It recognizes that intuition, anecdote, and authority can be sources of ideas about behavior.

 

Question 11Which of the following PsycINFO search strategies should be employed by researchers?

Avoid using AND to limit a search.

Avoid using NOT to exclude search terms.

Use fields such as TITLE and AUTHOR.

Use OR to limit a search.

Question 12In which section of a research report would a researcher describe the practical application of an experiment's results?

the introduction

the method section

the results section

the discussion section

Question 13Which section of a research article is most likely to include the specific expectations of a researcher as formal hypotheses?

the introduction

the method section

the bibliography

the references

Question 14Which of the following would be included in the default output when searching PsycINFO using key terms?

only those articles that have the specified key terms in a particular field

all articles that are relevant to the researcher conducting the research, irrespective of whether they have the key terms

all articles that have that word or phrase anywhere in any of the fields listed

only those articles that have that word or phrase and are relevant to the researcher conducting the research

Question 15Noting the existing tension between the police department and the citizens of Metropolis, the city council conducts a survey among the residents for suggestions on how to improve police–community relations. This example best illustrates ________ as a source of research ideas.

myths

theories

past research projects

practical problems

Question 16To find out how many authors have referred to a particular article in the years since it was published, one would consult

the Psychological Abstracts.

the Annual Review of Psychology.

the Psychological Bulletin.

Web of Science and Scopus.

Question 17Which of the following statements would be appropriate for the method section of a research report?

Past research shows that men generally talk more than women.

For men, the average time spent talking was 10.7 minutes, while for women the average was 7.4 minutes.

While three men and three women discussed an issue, an experimenter measured time spent talking using a stopwatch.

Contrary to popular belief, in groups of mixed gender, men talk more than women, interrupt more than women, and are more likely to direct discussion topics.

Question 18A theory

generates new knowledge by guiding our observations.

is proven after many studies support its predictions.

is called a fact when it refutes a hypothesis.

remains unchanged once formed.

Question 19Which of the following sections of a research article allows the reader to know exactly how a study was conducted and provides other researchers with the information necessary to replicate the study?

the introduction section

the method section

the results section

the discussion section

Question 20Which of the following statements would be appropriate for the results section of a research report?

The difference between social desirability ratings of attractive versus unattractive individuals may be explained by the cognitive consistency theory.

Past research suggests that differences exist in ratings of social desirability assigned to attractive versus unattractive individuals.

The average social desirability rating for attractive individuals was 6.4; however, the average rating for unattractive individuals was 3.2.

Future research should examine the effect of attractiveness on judgments of criminal behavior.

Question 21Which of the following precautions can scientists take to protect themselves against charges of fraud?

They should only publish results that are significant.

They should not conduct a public survey.

They should keep records carefully and document procedures and results.

They should always ensure that their findings support their hypotheses.

Question 22Which of the following is true regarding the Institutional Review Board (IRB)?

It is a national review agency composed of at least three individuals.

All members of an institute's IRB must be from outside the institution.

Its members are typically compensated by political lobbyists.

Every institution that receives federal funds must have an IRB.

Question 23Principle C of the APA Ethics Code focuses on

integrity.

justice.

responsibility.

beneficence.

Question 24In which of the following areas of psychology has elaborate deception been most common?

social psychology

developmental psychology

parapsychology

clinical psychology

Question 25________ plagiarism is a form of plagiarism in which the words are not directly copied without attribution, but the ideas are copied without attribution.

Paraphrasing

Word-for-word

Detailed

Substantial

Question 26________ risk is a type of research activity in which the risks of harm to participants are no greater than the risks encountered in daily life or in routine physical or psychological tests.

Minor

Manageable

Minimal

Moderate

Question 27Which of the following behaviors does NOT represent plagiarism?

including a copied sentence without using quotation marks or a reference citation

representing another's work as one's own

paraphrasing the actual words of another source without citation

including another's personal idea or research finding in one's own research with a citation

Question 28Helga, a researcher, explains to her participants the purpose of her study before she conducts an experiment. She also informs them that participation is voluntary and they can withdraw without penalty. This shows that the experiment involves

deception.

informed consent.

role-playing.

psychological withdrawal.

Question 29Which of the following is perhaps the most famous case of fraud?

Burger's partial replication of Milgram's studies

Milgram's study on obedience to authority

the study of identical twins by Sir Cyril Burt

the Szabo and Underwood report

Question 30Carlos, a student of psychology, included data and findings of the renowned thinker Erik Erikson in his research. However, Carlos did not paraphrase the data or cite and credit the actual author. The board of reviewers rejected Carlos's research paper on account of

perjury.

extortion.

plagiarism.

manslaughter.

Question 31In the context of the APA Ethics Code, which of the following principles refers to the need for research to maximize benefits and minimize any possible harmful effects of participation?

the principle of integrity

the principle of fidelity and responsibility

the principle of beneficence

the principle of respect for people's rights and dignity

Question 32Which of the following is a primary reason for a decrease in the type of elaborate deception seen in the Milgram study?

Deception has become an expensive and time-consuming method to employ.

There has been a decrease in the general awareness of the ethical issues regarding deception.

Ethics review boards no longer review research studies that use deceptive methods.

More researchers have become interested in cognitive variables rather than emotions.

Question 33Which of the following is most likely to have caused a decline in animal research?

The lack of funding available for animal research

An increasing interest in conducting cognitive research with human participants

Declining safety measures for sheltering animals for a long period

The increasing costs incurred to conduct an animal research

Question 34A researcher's results should be considered fraudulent if

animals were used while conducting experiments.

participants were not debriefed after completion of the study.

data were changed in order to support the hypothesis.

the researcher used any form of survey to collect the data.

Question 35Adam, a researcher, promises the participants of his experiment that they will receive extra course credits for their participation. However, he forgets to inform their instructor about their participation, and they do not receive the promised course credits. Which principle of the APA Ethics Code has Adam most specifically violated?

the principle of beneficence and nonmaleficence

the principle of respect for people's rights and dignity

the principle of justice

the principle of fidelity and responsibility

Question 36Roger, a researcher, conducted a study to analyze the impact of alcohol exposure during childhood. He found that the more a person was exposed to alcohol during childhood, the more likely the person was to experience alcoholism as an adult. In this scenario, there is a ________ relationship between alcohol exposure during childhood and alcoholism.

positive linear

negative linear

curvilinear

nonlinear

Question 37To study the effect of workplace lighting on employee productivity, a researcher first manipulates the amount of lighting in a workspace and then observes its effect on a group's productivity. In this scenario, the researcher is focusing on which of the following elements required by the inferences of cause and effect?

temporal precedence

covariation between variables

elimination of possible causes

environmental stability

Question 38Identify the true statement about a curvilinear relationship.

The variables vary independently of one another.

The relationship results in a flat line when graphed.

The relationship is sometimes referred to as a monotonic function.

The direction of the relationship changes at least once.

Question 39A numerical index of the strength of relationship between variables is called a ________ coefficient.

random

correlation

linear

biaxial

Question 40Which of the following is true of the nonexperimental method?

With this method, one variable is manipulated and the other is then measured.

The problem of direction of cause and effect is not the most serious drawback to this method.

Both variables can be directly manipulated and controlled to arrive at results.

It eliminates the influence of all potential confounding third variables on the dependent variable.

Question 41A psychologist develops a measure of self-esteem to study the difference between participants who score low and those who score high on this variable. He does this to devise an accurate method for studying self-esteem. In this scenario, the psychologist is trying to establish

construct validity.

internal validity.

reliability.

reactivity.

Question 42Which of the following refers to the extent to which the measurement or manipulation of a variable accurately represents the theoretical variable being studied?

face validity

external validity

construct validity

internal validity

Question 43Which of the following statements best describes construct validity?

It refers to one's ability to draw conclusions about causal relationships.

It refers to the degree to which the measurement is an accurate representation of the variable.

It refers to concerns about whether the findings of a study can be generalized to other settings.

It refers to the accuracy of conclusions about cause and effect.

Question 44Ron, a researcher at Texo Labs, wants to conduct his study in a shopping mall to understand the factors that influence the shopping preferences of customers. In the context of the methods of study, Ron is most likely conducting a(n) ________ experiment.

artificial

field

laboratory

construct

Question 45A researcher interested in establishing that there is a causal relationship between variables is most interested in ________ validity.

artificial

linear

internal

construct

Question 46When the nonexperimental method is used for a study, there is the danger that no causal relationship exists between the two variables being studied. This phenomenon is best known as a(n) ________ relationship.

confounded

spurious

operational

curvilinear

Question 47Jim, a psychiatrist, develops a method to study mood swings in individuals. He asks individuals to describe the frequency and intensity of their mood swings and rate them on a scale of 1 to 10. He wants to develop a treatment plan according to the average outcomes of the frequency and the intensity of mood swings. In this scenario, Jim is trying to ________ the variable "mood swing."

describe

theorize

operationalize

internalize

Question 48What is the difference between experimental and nonexperimental methods of study?

Nonexperimental methods involve operational definitions, whereas experimental methods are simple observations.

Nonexperimental methods result in definite results, whereas experimental methods simply give a broad perspective of the variables under study.

Experimental methods have random variables, whereas nonexperimental methods have manipulated variables.

Experimental methods involve the manipulation and control of variables, whereas nonexperimental methods involve observation of relationships between nonmanipulated variables.

Question 49Which of the following is a problem with making causal statements when the nonexperimental method of study is used in research?

creating operational definitions

determining the direction of cause and effect

establishing a curvilinear relationship between variables

analyzing concrete concepts

Question 50When the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable is plotted in a graph, the ________ variable is always placed on the vertical axis.

correlation

independent

dependent

confounding