Plato's allegory of the cave, or Descartes' Cogito argument

In around 500 words, select a passage from a philosophical text (such as Plato's allegory of the cave, or Descartes' Cogito argument), and answer the following questions: What is the point of this passage? Why did the author bother to include this passage in the selected text? What is the author trying to prove or argue? And how do they try to prove or argue the point?

Write a range of arguments for and against silly claims like "Stop Signs Should Say 'Please'", and "Art should be judged by size alone." Evaluate what would be strong arguments for and against different claims, and explain any logical fallacies