Physics - undergoes the photoelectric effect with the electron

Physics

1. undergoes the photoelectric effect with the electron, what will be the kinetic energy of the photoelectron?

2. If two alpha particles are brought within 1.0 nm to each other what will be the potential energy of the system?

3. Sketch the binding energy per nucleon versus mass number curve and use it to illustrate why fission is possible.

4. Sketch the line of stability curve with numbers of protons on the y-axis and numbers of neutrons on the x-axis and identify regions where electron capture occurs.

5. If a nucleus is in an excited energy state what are the typical two mechanisms that the nucleus will undergo to de-excite to ground state?

6. Which spontaneous decays produce the ejection of quantized particles, why?

7. What makes positron emitting isotopes a potential external radiation hazard?

8. What is the difference between cosmic radiation and Cosmogenic radioactivity?

9. What do the three naturally occurring long series of primordial decay chains have in common?

10. When shielding against a high-energy beta and neutron emitter what should the order of plastic and lead shielding materials be and why?

11. In an X-ray machine, what are collimators and filters used for?

12. Sketch a graph of the specific ionization versus penetration distance for an alpha particle and explain any significant features.

13. What is the difference between the linear attenuation coefficient (????????) and energy absorption coefficient (????????????????????????).

14. What does the buildup factor account for?

15. Illustrate the Compton scattering photo interaction process and write a general energy balance showing before and after energies.

16. What is a photonuclear reaction and what does it produce in most cases?

17. What are four nuclear mechanisms for producing neutrons?

18. How are neutrons typically classified, provide names of the typical regimes?

19. What does thermal equilibrium imply about energy transfer during collisions?

20. What is likely to happen if U-235 captures a thermal neutron as compared to U238? Explain why.

21. How much energy is typically released in the fission of U-235 and how much is typically recoverable in a reactor as heat?

22. Write out the six-factor formula for Keff, name and describe what each of the terms mean.

23. What is the importance of delayed neutrons in a nuclear reactor?

24. What are three ways to prevent an unwanted criticality?