phil347 final exam 2017 december

 

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Question 1 5 pts

(TCOs 1, 2) Determine whether the following passage is an argument.

Mark was late to work today because he overslept.

Argument

Not an argument because there are no claims or only one claim

Not an argument because none of the claims offers a reason for the other

Not an argument because the reasons explain rather than prove the other claims

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Question 2 5 pts

(TCOs 1, 2) Determine whether the following passage is an argument.

The cost of home computers has dropped. The cost of laptops has also dropped. Come to think of it, production costs of computer chips are also at an all-time low.

Argument

Not an argument because there are no claims or only one claim

Not an argument because none of the claims offers a reason for the other

Not an argument because the reasons explain rather than prove the other claims

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Question 3 5 pts

(TCOs 2, 3) Choose the best answer.

Because we have missed it for the past 2 years, we should go to the county fair this weekend. The gates open at 10:00 a.m.

Which of the following claims represents the conclusion of this argument?

We have missed the county fair for the past 2 years.

We should go to the county fair this weekend.

The gates to the county fair open at 10:00 a.m.

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Question 4 5 pts

(TCOs 2, 3) Choose the best answer.

Healthy. Delicious. Drink Ovaltine!

Which of the following claims represents the implied conclusion of this argument?

Ovaltine is healthy.

Ovaltine is delicious

You should drink Ovaltine.

None; this is not an argument.

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Question 5 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 4) Identify the kind of argument.

Using a lemon when cooking is like using a lime. Given that limes can be added to bland foods to give them some zest, lemons, too, will give zest to bland foods.

Analogical argument

Categorical argument

Truth-functional argument

Causal argument

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Question 6 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 4) Identify the kind of argument.

Unemployment is probably rising throughout most California counties, for the reason that it has been rising in Kern and Los Angeles counties.

Truth-functional argument

Analogical argument

Categorical argument

Inductive generalization

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Question 7 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 4) Identify the kind of argument.

Our sales drive began losing steam 2 weeks ago. This is probably caused by the free prizes given by our competitor because they initiated this particular free prize promotion at the beginning of last month.

Causal argument

Analogical argument

Categorical argument

Truth-functional argument

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Question 8 5 pts

(TCOs 2, 3, 5) Relate to the proper terminology.

What evaluative language should you use for causal arguments?

Valid/invalid; cogent/uncogent

Valid/invalid; sound/unsound

Strong/weak; cogent/uncogent

Strong/weak; sound/unsound

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Question 9 5 pts

(TCOs 2, 3, 5) Relate to the proper terminology.

What evaluative language should you use for categorical arguments?

Valid/invalid; cogent/uncogent

Valid/invalid; sound/unsound

Strong/weak; cogent/uncogent

Strong/weak; sound/unsound

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Question 10 5 pts

(TCO 4) Select the answer that represents the proper standard form for the following statement.

Whenever the phone rings, the dog barks.

All times that the dog barks are times the phone rings.

All times that the phone rings are times that the dog barks.

Some of the times the phone rings are times that the dog barks.

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Question 11 5 pts

(TCO 4) Select the answer that represents the proper standard form for the following statement.

Only students are allowed access to the recreation center.

Some people who are allowed access to the recreations center are students.

All people who are allowed access to the recreation center are students.

All people who are allowed access to the recreations center are not students.

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Question 12 5 pts

21. (TCO 4) Select the answer that represents the proper standard form for the following statement.

If you don’t register, then you can’t vote.

All people who vote are people who register.

All people who register to vote are people who vote.

Some people who register to vote are not people who vote.

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Question 13 5 pts

(TCO 4) Choose the correct translation for each of the following compound claims.

If you are eligible for swimming (S), then you are eligible for water polo (W).

S > W

W > S

S > W

S • W

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Question 14 5 pts

(TCO 4) Choose the correct translation for each of the following compound claims.

Neither a sculpture (S) nor a painting (P) will be exhibited in the new gallery.

S • P

~ (S • P)

~ S > ~ P

~ (S > P)

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Question 15 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 5) Which inductive generalization is stronger?

In a psychology class experiment to determine how many students suffer from test anxiety, student researchers visited three freshman-level courses and had students fill out survey questionnaires. Because 53% of respondents admitted to having test anxiety, it’s safe to conclude that about half of all students on campus have test anxiety.

In a psychology class experiment to determine how many students suffer from test anxiety, student researchers visited one freshman-level course, one sophomore-level course, and one senior course and had students fill out survey questionnaires. Because 53% of respondents admitted to having test anxiety, it’s safe to conclude that about half of all students on campus have test anxiety.

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Question 16 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 5) Which analogical argument is stronger?

Walnuts, hickory nuts, and pecans are high in protein. Consequently, almonds are probably high in protein.

Walnuts are high in protein. Consequently, almonds are probably high in protein.

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Question 17 5 pts

(TCOs 3, 5) Which causal argument is stronger?

The population of frogs in three California counties has declined dramatically in the last decade. Loss of habitat must be the cause because increased demand for housing has eliminated more than half of the available wetlands in all three counties, and this appears to be the only factor all three have in common.

The population of frogs in three California counties has declined dramatically in the last decade. Loss of habitat must be the cause because increased demand for housing has eliminated more than half of the available wetlands in all three counties, and this appears to be the only factor all three have in common. Only one county is rural, and only two counties have experienced an increase in frog predators.

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Question 18 5 pts

(TCO 6) Identify the fallacy.

Maybe Professor Burnes has argued that IQ is not that important in determining whether a person succeeds in his or her vocation, but this is clearly nonsense. I suspect that Professor Burnes doesn’t have an IQ that’s exactly off the charts.

Appeal to ignorance

Ad hominem

Appeal to illegitimate authority

No fallacy committed

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Question 19 5 pts

(TCO 6) Identify the fallacy.

Second Amendment fans oppose every effort the government makes to restrict or regulate the sale of guns and ammunition, but how can they defend the view that the government has no role to play in our society? Think about it for a minute: Don’t we need government to defend our borders? Don’t we need government to regulate food and drugs?

Strawman

Begging the question

No fallacy committed

Red herring

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Question 20 5 pts

(TCO 6) Identify the fallacy.

Some employers argue that they have the right to monitor employee Internet use. I completely disagree. Most of us work at least part of the week from home, and we can’t be expected to maintain a rigid distinction between using the Internet for work and using it for recreation.

Appeal to illegitimate authority

Appeal to ignorance

No fallacy committed

Red herring

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Question 21 10 pts

(TCO 2) In the following argument, identify either the extra claims, or express the implied claim.

If you want to be sure the country is headed in the right direction, you need to vote for the best candidate this November. I believe the election is on the eighth this year.

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Question 22 10 pts

(TCO 2) In the following argument, identify either the extra claims, or express the implied claim.

The barometer shows the pressure is falling. You had better take an umbrella with you.

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Question 23 10 pts

(TCOs 3, 5) Describe the two styles of reasoning. What are some key differences between the two?

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Question 24 15 pts

((TCOs 3, 5) Discuss the three steps to follow when trying to distinguish between kinds of deductive arguments.

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Question 25 15 pts

(TCO 4) Considering only truth-functional claims, what are the four connectors? Describe what needs to happen in a truth table to demonstrate an argument is valid.

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Question 26 15 pts

(TCO 5) When evaluating analogical arguments, you need to consider three things. What are those things, and how do they need to be considered?

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Question 27 10 pts

(TCO 5) In Chapter 10, the authors discuss two methods for demonstrating that one event caused another. Name those methods, and briefly describe how each provides this demonstration of cause.

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Question 28 25 pts

(TCO 7) Chapter 12 discusses six steps to creating an argumentative paper. Briefly list those six steps, and mention at least one important item to be covered in each step.

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Question 29 40 pts

(TCO 7) Write a short essay (200–400 words) on

• whether torture is ever acceptable.

Be sure to introduce your fallacy free-argument and provide at least one supportive point, one legitimate objection, your assessment of that objection, and a summary of your argument. Include documentation, and have clear paragraphs.