MPH515 week 8 final exam all correct answers 50/50

              50 out of 50

Score for this quiz: 50 out of 50

 

Question 1

1 / 1 pts

Controlled clinical trials enable researchers to: 

  

test new drugs, new therapies, and new medical devices.

 

  

exercise control over who will receive an exposure.

 

  

identify definitive relationships between causes and effects.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.324-325 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 2

1 / 1 pts

A major advantage of community trials is that they are able to:

  

control delivery of the intervention to many study units.

 

 !

  

estimate directly the realistic impact of behavior change.

 

  

randomize subjects precisely to the study conditions.

 

  

All are  .

 

Review p.350 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 3

1 / 1 pts

To assess clinical end points, investigators:

  

compare rates of disease.

 

  

compare rates of death.

 

  

compare rates of recovery.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.334 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 4

1 / 1 pts

The purpose of randomization is to reduce error that results from:

  

the way in which the outcome is assessed.

 

  

subjects’ participation in the trial.

 

 !

  

assignment to study conditions.

 

  

the way in which the outcome is assessed and assignment to study conditions.

 

  

All are  .

 

Review p.341 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 5

 1/1pts

Surrogate endpoints for a clinical trial of a drug to control hypertension may include: 

  

subclinical disease.

 

You Answered

  

physical measures such as reduction in blood pressure.

 

  

occurrence of strokes and heart attacks.

 

  Answer

  

subclinical disease and physical measures such as reduction in blood pressure.

 

Review p.334 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 6

1 / 1 pts

The purpose of a double-blind design in clinical trials is to reduce error that results from:

  

the way in which the outcome is assessed.

 

  

subjects’ knowledge of their assignment to study conditions.

 

  

nonrandom assignment to study conditions.

 

 !

  

the way in which the outcome is assessed and subjects’ knowledge of their assignment to study conditions.

 

Review p.337 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 7

1 / 1 pts

The Stanford Five-City Project, a major community trial designed to lower the risk of cardiovascular diseases, used two types of surveys to measure treatment-control differences across risk factors.

What were they?

 !

  

Both cross-sectional surveys of households and surveys of a cohort

 

  

Both community surveys and focus group surveys

 

  

Both surveys of clinical end points and surveys of outcomes

 

  

Both case-control groups and surveys of cohorts

 

Review p.348 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 8

1 / 1 pts

In contrast to observational studies, intervention studies are employed to:

  

generate knowledge about the etiology and natural history of disease.

 

  

formulate strategies for prevention.

 

 !

  

test the efficacy of prevention measures.

 

  

All are  .

 

Review p.328 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 9

1 / 1 pts

A prophylactic trial is designed to:

  

compare rates of disease, death, and recovery in a population.

 

  

measure how well drugs produce improvement in a patient’s illness.

 

 !

  

evaluate the effectiveness of a substance used to prevent disease.

 

  

estimate the impact of exposure on the incidence of disease.

 

Review p.332 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 10

1 / 1 pts

Phase III clinical trials for a cancer drug involve:

  

initial testing in humans.

 

  

testing with different tumor types.

 

 !

  

checking the new therapy against available therapies.

 

  

None of these is  .

 

Review p.340 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 11

1 / 1 pts

In the United States, anthrax usually affects livestock, some wild animals, and humans.

  

True

 

 !

  

False

 

Review p.10 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 12

1 / 1 pts

Molecular epidemiology applies the techniques of molecular biology to epidemiologic studies.

 !

  

True

 

  

False

 

Review p.42 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 13

1 / 1 pts

John Gaunt is known as the Columbus of biostatistics.

 !

  

True

 

  

False

 

Review p.25 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 14

1 / 1 pts

The 1918 influenza pandemic is also known as “the Mother of All Pandemics.”

 !

  

True

 

  

False

 

Review p.34 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 15

1 / 1 pts

The Framingham Heart Study, begun in 1948, pioneered research into coronary heart disease risk factors.

 !

  

True

 

  

False

 

Review p.36 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 16

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following activities characterizes a clinical approach (as opposed to an epidemiologic approach)?

 !

  

Description of specific signs and symptoms in a patient

 

  

Description of seasonal trends in disease occurrence

 

  

Examination of disease occurrence among population groups

 

  

Demonstration of geographic variations in disease frequency

 

Review p.13 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 17

1 / 1 pts

The Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) is responsible for: 

 !

  

tracking down disease outbreaks in the United States and foreign countries.

 

  

collecting routine epidemiologic data for local health departments.

 

  

printing epidemiologic reports for members of the community.

 

  

reporting suspicious bioterrorism agents to governmental agencies.

 

Review p.40 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 18

1 / 1 pts

Cyclic variations in the occurrence of pneumonia and influenza mortality may reflect: 

 !

  

seasonal variations in cases of influenza.

 

  

the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.

 

  

long-term changes in mortality trends.

 

  

seasonal variations in cases of influenza and the fact that influenza is a disappearing disorder.

 

Review p.21 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 19

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following activities characterizes an epidemiologic approach (as opposed to a clinical approach)?

  

Description of a single individual’s symptoms

 

 !

  

Surveillance of a population

 

  

Treatment of a patient with diagnosed illness

 

  

Description of a single individual’s symptoms and treatment of a patient with a diagnosed illness

 

Review p.19 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 20

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is not usually an aim of epidemiology? 

  

To describe the health status of the population

 !

  

To fund new public health programs

  

To explain the etiology of disease

  

To predict the occurrence of disease

  

To control the distribution of disease

Review p.14 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 21

1 / 1 pts

Using epidemiology for operational research involves the study of:

 !

  

community health services.

 

  

risks to the individual.

 

  

disease syndromes.

 

  

All are  .

 

Review p.51 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 22

1 / 1 pts

What level of prevention is represented by immunization against rubella?

 !

  

Primary prevention, active

 

  

Primary prevention, passive

 

  

Secondary prevention

 

  

Tertiary prevention

 

Review p.83-85 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 23

1 / 1 pts

The uses of epidemiology include:

  

search for determinants (causes of disease).

 

  

estimation of individual risks and chances of contracting disease.

 

  

evaluation of health services.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.51-52 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 24

1 / 1 pts

What level of prevention is represented by nutritional counseling for pregnant women?

 !

  

Primary prevention, active

 

  

Primary prevention, passive

 

  

Secondary prevention

 

  

Tertiary prevention

 

Review p.83-85 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 25

 1/1pts

Which of the following does not describe the Gini index?

  

It is a measure of income inequality.

 

You Answered

  

It is related to the number of unhealthy days in U.S. states.

 

  

It varies across states in the United States.

 

  Answer

  

It ranges from 1 to 2.

 

  

It represents complete income inequality when it is 1.

 

Review p.66 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 26

1 / 1 pts

Determining workload and planning the scope of facilities and manpower needs, particularly for chronic disease:

  

uses primarily incidence data.

 

 !

  

uses primarily prevalence data.

 

  

could use both incidence and prevalence data equally.

 

  

uses neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

 

Review p.97 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 27

1 / 1 pts

The major disadvantage of crude rates is that:

  

they may not allow for comparison of populations that differ in size.

 

 !

  

they do not permit comparison of populations that vary in composition.

 

  

they are difficult to calculate from available data sources.

 

  

All are  .

 

Review p.97 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 28

 1/1pts

Successful treatment programs that would shorten the duration of a disease primarily affect:

  Answer

  

the prevalence of the disease.

 

  

the incidence of the disease.

 

You Answered

  

both the incidence and the prevalence of the disease.

 

  

neither the incidence nor the prevalence of the disease.

 

Review p.105 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 29

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following terms is expressed as a ratio (as distinguished from a proportion)?

  

Male Births / Male + Female Births

 

  

Female Births / Male + Female Births

 

 !

  

Male Births / Female Births

 

  

Female Births / Male + Female Births and Male Births / Male + Female Births

 

Review p.94 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 30

1 / 1 pts

Estimating the frequency of exposure:

  

uses primarily incidence data.

 

 !

  

uses primarily prevalence data.

 

  

ould use both incidence and prevalence data equally.

 

  

uses neither incidence data nor prevalence data.

 

Review p.100 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 31

1 / 1 pts

Marital status is an important descriptive epidemiologic variable because it is:

  

associated with high suicide rates among married females.

 

  

theorized to be a selective factor in health.

 

  

theorized to be a protective factor in health.

 

 !

  

theorized to be a protective and selective factor in health.

 

Review p.153 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 32

1 / 1 pts

Which of Mill’s four canons suggests that there is an association between frequency of disease and the potency of a causative factor? 

  

Difference

 

  

Agreement

 

 !

  

Concomitant variation

 

  

Residues

 

Review p.141 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 33

1 / 1 pts

Large international variations in rates of infectious and communicable diseases as well as other conditions are most likely explained by:

  

differences in climate.

 

  

differences in cultural factors.

 

  

national dietary habits.

 

  

access to health care.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.173 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 34

 1/1pts

Which of the following is not a characteristic of epidemiology?

  

It provides the basis for planning and evaluation of health services.

 

  Answer

  

It allows causal inference from descriptive data.

 

You Answered

  

It allows comparisons by age, sex, and race.

 

  

It uses case reports, case series, and cross-sectional studies.

 

  

It identifies problems to be studied by analytic methods.

 

Review p.139-142 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 35

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following statements about case clustering is in .

  

It is of indeterminate significance for rare diseases, because clusters may occur by chance alone.

 

  

It suggests common exposure of a group of people to an etiologic agent.

 

 !

  

It is called temporal clustering for geographic concentrations of cases.

 

  

It has been shown for angiosarcoma and vaginal carcinoma.

 

Review p.188 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 36

1 / 1 pts

Information about the cause of death listed on a death certificate may be unreliable because: 

  

the cause of death may be unclear.

 

  

certain diseases carry a stigma.

 

  

diagnostic criteria may lack standardization.

 

  

assignment of the cause of death may be arbitrary.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.215 of your textbook for more information on this question

 

Question 37

1 / 1 pts

Morbidity surveys of the general population:

  

include the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

 

  

collect data on the health status of a population group.

 

  

typically use a scientifically designed representative sample.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.225-226 of your textbook for more information on this question

 

Question 38

 1/1pts

What data source has the advantage of being almost complete in the United States?

  

Reportable disease statistics

 

You Answered

  

Mortality statistics

 

  

Birth statistics

 

  Answer

  

Mortality statistics and birth statistics

 

Review p.215, 218 of your textbook for more information on this question

 

Question 39

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is not one of the four criteria for the quality of epidemiologic data?

  

The nature of the data

 

  

The completeness of the data

 

 !

  

The reason the data are collected

 

  

The availability of the data

 

Review p.239 of your textbook for more information on this question

 

Question 40

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following is not included in data on morbidity in the U.S. armed forces?

  

The results of routine physical examinations

 

 !

  

Useful population estimates of disease frequency

 

  

The results of selective service examinations

 

  

Information from military hospitalization records

 

Review p.233 of your textbook for more information on this question

 

Question 41

 1/1pts

Which of the following are not examples of assumptions for the chi-square statistic? 

  

Each entity contributes to only one cell of the contingency table.

 

  Answer

  

Expected frequency should be less than 5.

 

You Answered

  

It does not rely on having continuous normally-distributed data.

 

  

None are  .

 

Review p.620 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 42

 1/1pts

Which of the following tests whether variances are homogeneous?

You Answered

  

Levene’s test

 

  

Bartlett’s test

 

  

Neither Levene’s nor Bartlett’s test

 

  Answer

  

Both Levene’s and Bartlett’s test

 

Review p.179 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 43

 1/1pts

If a distribution is multimodal, what does this mean?

  Answer

  

It will not be a normal distribution.

 

  

The data have been entered in ly.

 

  

It will be a normal distribution.

 

You Answered

  

It will have to be checked with a Levene’s test.

 

Review p.183 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 44

1 / 1 pts

Quantitative research involves the use of which of the following?

  

Language

 

  

Letters

 

 !

  

Numbers

 

  

Description

 

Review p.3 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 45

1 / 1 pts

Which is an assumption of chi-square?

  

That the data are normally distributed.

 

 !

  

That each subject contributes data to only one cell.

 

  

That the data are continuous.

 

  

That there is little variability among the data.

 

Review p.620 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 46

1 / 1 pts

Which of the following are assumptions underlying the use of parametric tests (based on the normal distribution)?

  

The data should be normally distributed.

 

  

The samples being tested should have approximately equal variances.

 

  

The data should be at least interval level.

 

 !

  

All are  .

 

Review p.172 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 47

1 / 1 pts

What does independence of data mean?

  

That we must never collect two sets of data from one person.

 

  

That independent researchers must collect the data.

 

  

That scores from one participant are free from influences from other participants.

 

 !

  

That scores in one condition are free from influences from other conditions.

 

Review p.180 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 48

 1/1pts

A calculated value of chi-square:

  Answer

  

Compares the frequencies of categories of items in a sample to the frequencies that are expected in the population.

 

You Answered

  

Compares the frequencies of categories in the population to those expected in the sample.

 

  

Compares the mean number of categories in a sample to those in the population.

 

  

Compares the mean number of frequencies in a population to those in the sample.

 

Review p.614-616 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 49

1 / 1 pts

The research process is comprised of five stages. Which of the following is not one of those stages?

  

Data collection

 

  

Generate theory

 

  

Analysis

 

 !

  

Dispersion

 

Review p.13-18 of your textbook for more information on this question.

 

Question 50

 1/1pts

Which of the following is not an assumption of a parametric test?

You Answered

  

Normally distributed data

 

  

Homogeneity of variance

 

  Answer

  

Dependence

 

  

Independence

 

Review p.172 of your textbook for more information on this question.

Quiz Score: 50 out of 50

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