Homework 7
17. (AM#21) What is the correlation between the Control-In and Control-Out scores? (relevant section)
18. (AM#22) Would you expect the correlation between the Anger-Out and Control-Out scores to be positive or negative? Compute this correlation. (relevant section &relevant section)
18. (AM#23) Find the regression line for predicting Anger-Out from Control-Out.
(a) What is the
slope?
(b) What is the intercept?
(c) Is the relationship at least approximately linear?
(d) Test to see if the slope is significantly different from 0.
(e) What is the standard error of the estimate?
Case Study Angry Moods
Research conducted by: Emily Zitek and
Mindy Ater, Rice University
Case study prepared by: Emily Zitek
Overview
People have different ways of improving their mood when angry. We have all seen
people punch a wall when mad, and indeed, previous research has indicated that
some people aggress to improve their mood (Bushman, Baumeister & Phillips,
2001). What do the top athletes do when angry? Striegel (1994) found that anger
often hurts an athlete’s performance and that capability to control anger is
what makes good athletes even better. This study adds to the past research and
examines the difference in ways to improve an angry mood by gender and sports
participation.
The
participants were 78 Rice University undergraduates, ages 17 to 23. Of these 78
participants, 48 were females and 30 were males and 25 were athletes and 53
were non-athletes. People who did not play a varsity or club sport were
considered non-athletes. The 13 contact sport athletes played soccer, football,
rugby, or basketball, and the 12 non-contact sport athletes participated in
Ultimate Frisbee, baseball, tennis, swimming, volleyball, crew, or dance.
The participants were asked to respond to a questionnaire that asked about what
they do to improve their mood when angry or furious. Then they filled out a
demographics questionnaire.
Note:This study used the most recent version of the State-Trait
Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2) (Spielberger, Sydeman, Owen & Marsh,
1999) which was modified to create an Angry Mood Improvement Inventory similar
to that created by Bushman et al. (2001).
Questions to Answer
Do athletes and non-athletes deal with anger in the same way? Are there any
gender differences? Specifically, are men more likely to believe that
aggressive behavior can improve an angry mood?
Design Issues
This study has an extremely unbalanced design. There were a lot more
non-athletes than athletes in the sample. In the future, more athletes should
be used. This study originally wanted to look at contact and non-contact
athletes separately, but there were not enough participants to do this. Future
studies could look at this.
Descriptions of Variables
|
Variable |
Description |
|
Sports |
1 = athletes, 2 = non-athletes |
|
Gender |
1 = males, 2 = females |
|
Anger-Out (AO) |
high scores demonstrate that people deal with anger by expressing it in a verbally or physically aggressive fashion |
|
Anger-In |
high scores demonstrate that people experience anger but do not express it (suppress their anger) |
|
Control-Out (CO) |
high scores demonstrate that people control the outward expression of angry feelings |
|
Control-In (CI) |
high scores demonstrate that people control angry feelings by calming down or cooling off |
|
Expression (AE) |
index of general anger expression:
|
Note: Description of the items comes from Spielberger et al. (1999).
|
References |
|
Bushman, B.J., Baumeister, R.F. & Phillips, C.M. (2001). Do people aggress to improve their mood? Catharsis beliefs, affect regulation opportunity, and aggressive responding. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(1), 17-32. Spielberger, C. D., Sydeman, S. J., Owen, A. E., Marsh, B. J. (1999). Measuring anxiety and anger with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The use of psychological testing for treatment planning and outcomes assessment (2nd ed., pp. 993-1021). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Striegel, D. (1994). Anger in tennis: Part 2. Effects of anger on performance, coping with anger, and using anger to one’s benefit. Journal of Performance Psychology, 2, 56-92. |
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Rating:
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Solution: Homework 7