CUNY PHIl110 Test 1 latest 2016 january

• Question 1

2 out of 2 points

An argument is

• Question 2

0 out of 2 points

The dimension of logical thinking that has cash value is

• Question 3

2 out of 2 points

What is the missing premise in the following argument?

"People who move from city to city frequently have a rough time establishing relationships. Thus, Tony has a rough time establishing relationships."

• Question 4

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"Universal health care means the costs will be spread to all Americans, which is fundamentally unfair. Your health is greatly determined by your individual lifestyle. Those who exercise, eat right, don't smoke, don't drink, etc. have far fewer health problems than the smoking couch potatoes. We should not be extending health care to those who don't care about their own health. Universal health care is a bad idea."

• Question 5

2 out of 2 points

Is the following argument valid or invalid?

"According to a recent study, more than 65% of all undergraduates in the United States receive some form of financial aid. Out of 11,500 students selected at random from colleges in all parts of the United States, fully two thirds of those surveyed received financial aid. Since Jane is a college undergraduate, she is likely to have financial aid."

• Question 6

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"Dolphins are mammals, and whales are mammals, but sharks are a species of fish."

• Question 7

2 out of 2 points

What is the missing premise in the following argument?

"Scientists are interpreting the dark areas shown by the Mars probe as dry lake beds. Therefore, there could have been life on Mars at some time."

• Question 8

2 out of 2 points

Is the following argument valid or invalid?

"The modern city of Addis Ababa is the center of an ancient African culture. Addis Ababa is the largest city in Abyssinia, the country now known as Ethiopia. Hence, the largest city in Ethiopia is the center of an ancient African culture. "

• Question 9

2 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"Mules are faster than horses in muddy track conditions. After all, this is what has been observed in racetracks all over the country during the last twenty years."

• Question 10

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"The nation's major banks, reacting to the global credit crisis, effectively stopped lending to their corporate customers. The absence of lending activity caused stock markets to dip to their lowest levels in years. Unless banks resume lending, stock markets are unlikely to recover anytime in the near future. So, the Federal government should intervene to prevent further damage to stock markets."

• Question 11

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"Red-light running is one of the most common causes of intersection crashes. Research shows that yellow interval duration is a significant factor affecting the frequency of red-light running and that increasing yellow time to meet the needs of traffic can dramatically reduce red light running. Both Kentucky and Missouri reported a 15% reduction in all crashes and a 30% reduction in right-angle crashes after increasing the yellow interval. It just makes sense to increase the length of time a traffic light stays yellow."

• Question 12

2 out of 2 points

Is the following argument valid or invalid?

"Either Syria will stop supporting Lebanon or it wants a war with Israel. But clearly Syria does not want a war with Israel, so Syria will stop supporting Lebanon."

• Question 13

2 out of 2 points

An inductive argument is said to be reliable if

• Question 14

0 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"Since the sudden acceleration problem in Toyota vehicles continued even after the company replaced the floor mats, the problem was probably due to something else -- perhaps the electronics."

• Question 15

0 out of 2 points

For any inductive argument,

• Question 16

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"And indeed since the planets are seen at varying distances from the Earth, the center of the Earth is surely not the center of their orbits." Copernicus, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

• Question 17

0 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"Keisha's web page probably has spelling mistakes. After all, almost all web pages have them."

• Question 18

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"During the first 3 months of 2009, 23.8% of persons under age 65 years with private health insurance were enrolled in a high deductible health plan (HDHP), including 6.6% who were enrolled in a consumer-directed health plan (CDHP). Almost 50% of persons with a private plan obtained by means other than through an employer were in a HDHP. An estimated 20.1% of persons with a private plan were in a family with a flexible spending account (FSA) for medical expenses."

• Question 19

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"It is a well known and oft-quoted fact that women are starting businesses in the United States at twice the rate of men. According to the Center for Women’s Business Research, 10.4 million businesses are now owned by women nationwide."

• Question 20

2 out of 2 points

"Logical thinking” or "informal logic" is concerned with the study of

• Question 21

2 out of 2 points

An inference is a relation that obtains among beliefs if and only if

• Question 22

0 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"The Pope will not open the priesthood to women, since the Pope is theologically conservative and quite a few conservatives think that women should be barred from the priesthood."

• Question 23

2 out of 2 points

When an argument has a missing premise, that premise must

• Question 24

2 out of 2 points

If an argument is valid, then

• Question 25

2 out of 2 points

Is the following argument valid or invalid?

"Over the past seven years, Mrs. Brundage has owned, at different times, four color TVs. Each was made in Hong Kong, had remote control tuning, and broke down after about six months. She has just bought a new TV, also a color set made in Hong Kong with remote control tuning. Therefore, her new TV will break down in about six months."

• Question 26

2 out of 2 points

The conclusion of a causal argument is also referred to as

• Question 27

2 out of 2 points

Is the following argument valid or invalid?

"Jackson served in Iraq and was taken prisoner by a militia who subjected him to torture. It was shortly after this that his amnesia attacks began. Psychologists believe that extreme stress and fear can sometimes induce a loss of memory. Thus Jackson’s recurrent amnesia is indeed the result of his experience in the prison camp."

• Question 28

0 out of 2 points

Whenever beliefs that are logically unrelated are said to be an inference, this is

• Question 29

0 out of 2 points

When an argument is inductive,

• Question 30

2 out of 2 points

The principle of charity prescribes that, in argument reconstruction, we maximize

• Question 31

0 out of 2 points

If an argument is valid, then the logical thinker who recognizes its validity knows that

• Question 32

0 out of 2 points

When an argument is inductive

• Question 33

0 out of 2 points

An argument is valid if and only if

• Question 34

2 out of 2 points

An argument is inductive if and only if

• Question 35

0 out of 2 points

Validity is a matter of

• Question 36

2 out of 2 points

Whenever charity and faithfulness come into conflict

• Question 37

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"After the near disaster of Aduatuca in Gaul in 54 B.C., Pompey lent Caesar one of his Italian legions that had been dismissed on furlough, while Caesar granted his consent and his moral support to Pompey in the repressive measures which the latter took against the stubborn republican opposition." - Theodor Mommsen, The History of Rome

• Question 38

0 out of 2 points

An inductive argument is strong if

• Question 39

2 out of 2 points

What is the missing premise in the following argument?

"Folic acid cuts the risk of dementia. So grandpa is not at risk of dementia."

• Question 40

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"Insurance plays an important role in our nation’s economy. After all, without it, individuals, families, and corporations of all kinds would not be able to protect their assets and their futures from possible losses and damages. Being able to insure against theft, fire, flood, accidents, loss of life, and many other adversities is essential to American prosperity."

• Question 41

2 out of 2 points

Is the following an argument or not?

"The FedEx Corporation said yesterday that it was closing its last major office in New York. The closure will terminate 1100 Continental employees who work in Manhattan— or nearly one-half of all Continental employees in the metropolitan area."

• Question 42

2 out of 2 points

If the premises of an argument could be asserted and its conclusion denied without contradiction, the argument is

• Question 43

0 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"It is very possible that Brewster will commit a crime of passion. Many hot headed, impulsive persons end up committing crimes of passion, and Brewster is a hot headed, impulsive person."

• Question 44

2 out of 2 points

In a syllogism, an argument’s missing premise is called

• Question 45

2 out of 2 points

What type of induction does the following argument represent?

"As an employer, Terry likes to keep a tight reign on his staff. But so do Jeff and Mary, neither of whom allow employees to work from home. So I suspect that Terri doesn’t allow employees to work from home."

• Question 46

2 out of 2 points

When used to check an argument’s validity, a counterexample is

• Question 47

2 out of 2 points

In reconstructing arguments, we should take into account

• Question 48

0 out of 2 points

If there is entailment in an argument, then that argument

• Question 49

2 out of 2 points

What is the missing premise in the following argument?

"All murder is wrong. So, abortion is wrong."

• Question 50

0 out of 2 points

An argument’s missing premise is