Chapter 2: Management Learning Past to Present

1. According to Elton Mayo, people would restrict their output in order to avoid the displeasure of the group, even if it meant sacrificing pay that could otherwise be earned by increasing output.

2. The Hawthorne effect is the tendency of persons singled out for special attention to perform as expected.

3. According to the deficit principle, a satisfied need is a motivator of behavior.

4. According to the progression principle, a satisfied need does not motivate behavior.

5. Physiological needs and safety needs are higher-order needs in Maslow’s hierarchy of human needs.

6. Maslow’s ideas point managers toward finding ways to link volunteer work with opportunities to satisfy higher-order needs like esteem and self-actualization.

7. Managers holding Theory Y assumptions approach their jobs believing that those who work for them generally dislike work, lack ambition, act irresponsibly, and prefer to be led rather than to lead.

8. Managers who hold Theory Y assumptions cannot create self-fulfilling prophecies.

9. Argyris asserts that psychological success occurs when people define their own goals.

10. Argyris’s theory of adult personality counters Fayol’s concept of unity of direction.