BIOL 165 - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Question # 00302794
Posted By:
Updated on: 06/02/2016 10:31 PM Due on: 07/02/2016
EXPERIMENT
Cells: Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Version 42-0039-10-02
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise
before you begin. Take time to organize the materials
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
which to complete the exercise.
Experiment Summary:
You will learn about cell theory and cell structures
of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. You will differentiate
plant and animal cells and identify the components
of cells and their functions. You will also view various
bacteria, protist, plant, and animal cells.
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this laboratory, you will be able to:
●●
Outline the key components of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
●●
Paraphrase the function of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic features.
●●
Outline generalized structures of plant, animal, and bacteria cells.
●●
State the three parts of cell theory.
●●
Observe virtual slide images of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and identify and label their key
features.
●●
Classify cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic and compare and contrast features of each.
●●
Summarize the key functions of cell organelles.
●●
Classify organisms as prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and use microscope observations to justify
classifications.
●●
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic features.
Time Allocation: 3 hours
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Materials
HOL Supplied Materials
Quantity Item Description
1
Virtual Microscope*
1
Virtual Slides to view:
1- Slide – Amoeba, Stained
1- Slide – Cheek Smear, Human
1- Slide – Onion Root Tip Mitosis
1- Slide – Spirogyra
*The virtual microscope is included in your digital content.
Note: To fully and accurately complete all lab exercises, you will need access to:
1. A computer to upload digital camera images.
2. Basic photo editing software such as Microsoft Word® or PowerPoint®, to add labels, leader
lines, or text to digital photos.
3. Software such as “Snipping Tool,” “5-Clicks,” or any similar program that allows you to capture
digital images of content on your screen.
4. Subject-specific textbook or appropriate reference resources from lecture content or other
suggested resources.
Note: The packaging and/or materials in this LabPaq kit may differ slightly from that which is listed
above. For an exact listing of materials, refer to the Contents List included in your LabPaq kit.
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Background
Animal Cells, Plant Cells and Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells, the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
that are capable of independent functioning. Cells vary in size, generally ranging from 10 µm to
100 µm, with molecules being the smallest and plant cells being the largest in size. See Figure 1.
Figure 1. Plant and animal cell size as compared to molecules, viruses, and bacteria.
One of the basic principles of biology, proposed by Theodor Schwann and Matthais Schleiden in
1836, is cell theory which is defined in the following three statements:
●●
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which can be unicellular (one cell)
or multicellular (more than one cell).
●●
The cell is the basic unit of life.
●●
New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Features central to the understanding of cells are illustrated in diagrams of generalized plant
and animal cells, as shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. The functions of these features are
described in Table 1.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 2. General structure of a plant cell. Notice the presence of the membrane-bound
nucleus. © udaix
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 3. Generalized structure of an animal cell. Notice the presence of the membrane-bound
nucleus. © udaix
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Table 1. Cell Terms and Definitions.
Feature
Capsule
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cilium
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Fimbriae
Flagellum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosome
Description
The sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of various prokaryotes,
protecting the cell from drying out.
The semi-permeable, living membrane of a cell, separating the interior
cytoplasm of the cell from the surrounding (outside) environment. Animal,
plant, prokaryotic, and fungal cells all contain a cell membrane. It is the
outermost surface of animal cells.
Provides strength and rigidity to the cell. The outermost surface of all cell
types, except for animal cells and protozoa.
The site for photosynthesis in algae and plant cells. An organelle that
contains photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophylls.
Short, small, hair-like organelles which protrude from the surface of some
eukaryotic cells and use rhythmic beating to promote locomotion.
Gel-like substance of the cell located within the cell membrane.
Encompasses the entire contents of the cell, except the nucleus.
The fluid component of the cytoplasm. Cytosol surrounds the organelles in
eukaryotes, and is the location for chemical reactions in prokaryotes.
A network of membranes (smooth and rough), located in the cytoplasm,
that forms a net-like array of channels that function to transport materials.
(Eukaryotes)
Short, fringe-like appendages of prokaryotic cells that function to help the
cell to adhere to a substrate or another cell.
Long, whip-like appendage that protrudes from the surface of a cell and
specializes in locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
differ from one another in both structure and function.
Flat sac involved in intracellular secretion and transport of molecules
synthesized in the cell. (Eukaryotes)
Membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes and acts as
a cell’s “garbage disposal,” digesting foreign materials and worn-out cell
components.
The organelle that supports energy production through cell metabolism
(citric acid cycle and electron transport). Present in all cells except bacteria
cells. The inner membrane forms convoluted folds called cristae which
separate the mitochondrion into two compartments: the inner matrix and
outer compartment.
Membrane-bound organelle that contains the hereditary material of the
cell (DNA). (Only found in eukaryotes).
An organelle located in the cytoplasm (nucleolus) that functions as the site
of protein synthesis. Composed of two units: rRNA and protein molecules.
(Found in all cells)
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Eukaryotes
Cells are divided into one of two major classifications, eukaryotic or prokaryotic. A eukaryotic
cell contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. An organelle is a membrane-bound
structure within a cell that provides a specific cellular function. It is the presence of a nucleus
that gives eukaryotes their name, and is derived from the Greek words eu, meaning “good” and
karyon, which means “nut or kernel.” Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells are referred to as
eukaryotes. All large organisms, including plants, fungi, and animals, are examples of eukaryotes.
Some unicellular organisms are also eukaryotes. See Figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4. Eukaryotes. A. Leaf surface of spiderwort. © Jubal Harshaw B. Volvox colonies. © Jubal
Harshaw C. Vorticella protozoan. © Jubal Harshaw
Figure 5. Phylogenic tree. Notice that humans are eukaryotes, as noted by the “you are here”
arrow in the tree. Image courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, adapted from
Woese et al. 1990
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
A cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus is a prokaryotic cell. The word prokaryote is a
combination of the Greek words pro, which means “before,” and karyon, which means “nut or
kernel.” Organisms that contain prokaryotic cells are referred to as prokaryotes. Most prokaryotes
are single-celled, although some are multicellular. Bacteria and archaea are examples of
prokaryotes. Archaea was not discovered as a major domain of life until the late 1970s by Dr.
Carl Woese at the University of Illinois. Archaea was discovered in the hot springs of Yellowstone
National Park, Wyoming. See Figure 6. Archaea inhabits some of the most extreme environments
on Earth, surviving at temperatures over 100°C. The general structure of a bacterium is shown
in Figure 7.
Figure 6. Archaea in a geothermal pool in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. © James Mattil
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 7. Generalized structure of a bacterial cell. Notice the lack of a membrane-bound
nucleus, as the DNA (both chromosomal and plasmid) is located in the cytoplasm. © ducu59us
Bacteria are very small, unicellular microorganisms which appear singly or in chains. Bacteria
exist in one of three shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral/curved (spirilla). See
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Bacteria shapes. A. Spherical (cocci). Courtesy of CDC, Janice Haney Carr B. Rod-shaped
(bacilli). Courtesy of CDC, William A. Clark C. Spiral (spirilla). Courtesy of CDC
There are trillions of different types of bacteria, many that are helpful to humans, and many that
are harmful. For example, Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E.coli) are often discussed in news
stories for their food-borne related illnesses in humans, while Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and
tuberculosis are common bacterial infections in humans. See Figure 9. An example of bacterium
that is helpful to humans is probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms, primarily bacteria,
which help to promote healthy bacteria, aiding the immune and digestive systems.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Since 1975, as part of a public health
action, turtles smaller than 4 inches have
been banned in the United States as a result
of their high risk of spreading disease. Turtles
are commonly carriers of Salmonella, and are
not suggested as pets for children under five,
people with compromised immune systems,
or the elderly.
Figure 9. Common bacteria that affect humans. © ducu59us
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 1: Comparison of Bacteria, Plant, and Animal
Cells
In this exercise, you will compare the features of bacteria, plant, and animal cells.
1. For each of the features listed in Data Table 1 of your Lab Report Assistant, indicate the
corresponding letter(s) in Figure 10.
Note: Cytoplasm is included as an example.
Figure 10. Labeled bacteria, plant, and animal cells. © udaix © ducu59us
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
2. For each structure in Data Table 1, indicate whether the structure is found in bacteria, plant
cells, and/or animal cells.
3. For each structure in Data Table 1, indicate whether the structure is found prokaryotic cells,
eukaryotic cells, or both.
Questions
A. List the features that are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. What are advantages
provided by these features?
B. List the features found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. What are advantages provided by
these features?
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 2: Observing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
In this exercise, you will observe a variety of histology slides of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
You will classify the organism and label its structural features.
Note: The magnification of the ocular lens (eyepiece) for the V-Scope program is 10X. The total
magnification factor of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens
with the magnification of the objective lens. When using the V-Scope the total magnification factor
is approximate, as the resolution of your device’s screen may slightly increase or decrease the total
magnification.
1. Open the “V-Scope” folder.
2. Open “START_MICROSCOPE”.
Note: Open the “Quick Start Guide” for a diagram showing how to use the V-Scope program Read
the “Instructions” provided in the dark gray circle before clicking on the slide.
3. Click on the red “power” button to turn on the microscope light.
4. View the slide labeled “Spirogyra” with the virtual microscope. View the slide with the 1X, 4X,
10X, and 20X objective lenses.
Note: If you would like to move the slide on the stage, left click on the image. The cursor will turn
into a hand. While holding the button down, you can move the mouse and drag the image.
5. Use the Background section, a textbook, and/or an Internet source to determine if the
Spirogyra is a protist, plant, animal, or bacteria. Record in Data Table 2 of your Lab Report
Assistant.
6. Use the Background section, a textbook, and/or an Internet source to determine if the
Spirogyra is a prokaryote or eukaryote and record in Data Table 2.
7. Make observations of the specimen including: color(s), shape(s), general size, unique features,
obvious visible structures, etc. Record your general observations in Data Table 2.
8. Capture an image of the slide showing as many features as possible with software such as
“Snipping Tool,” “5-Clicks,” or any similar program that you would like to use that will allow
you to capture a digital image of content on your screen. See Figure 11.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 11. Capture a digital image of content on your screen. A. Identify area to capture. B.
Highlight the area. C. Copy the captured image.
9. Using an image software program, digitally label as many features as possible. Refer to the
appendix entitled “How to Label an Image” for guidance with labeling an image.
Note: Features to look for and label include (if applicable): nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, nucleolus,
endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell membrane, etc.
10. Resize and insert the labeled image into Data Table 3 of your Lab Report Assistant. Refer to
the appendix entitled “Resizing an Image” for guidance with resizing an image.
11. View the slide labeled “Cheek Smear, Human” with the virtual microscope. View the slide
with the 1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
12. Repeat steps 5-10.
13. View the slide labeled “Amoeba, Stained” with the virtual microscope. View the slide with the
1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
14. Repeat steps 5-10.
15. View the slide labeled “Onion Root Tip Mitosis” with the virtual microscope. View the slide
with the 1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
16. Repeat steps 5-10.
17. View the slide photograph of “Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote”, provided in Data Table 3.
18. As this slide contains both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, skip steps 5-6 (as noted by the grayedout boxes in Data Table 2). Make general observations of the slide image and record in Data
Table 2. For this slide, observe and record the color of the prokaryotes and the color of the
eukaryotes.
19. Copy the slide photograph “Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote”, by selecting the image, rightclicking on the image, and selecting the “copy” function. Paste a copy of the image into an
image software program.
20. Using an image software program, digitally label as many features as possible. Make sure that
you label the features of at least 1 prokaryote and 1 eukaryote on the slide.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
21. Resize and insert the labeled photograph into Data Table 3.
22. View the slide photograph of “Bacteria Smear”, provided in Data Table 3.
23. Repeat steps 5-7. In the “General Observations” section, record the bacteria shapes present
on the slide.
24. Copy the slide photograph of “Bacteria Smear” and paste a copy of the image into an image
software program.
25. Digitally label at least 1 spherical (cocci), 1 rod-shaped (bacilli), and 1 spiral/curved (spirilla)
bacteria.
26. Resize and insert the labeled photograph into Data Table 3.
27. When you are finished uploading photos and data into your Lab Report Assistant, save your
file correctly and zip the file so you can send it to your instructor as a smaller file. Refer to the
appendix entitled, “Saving Correctly,” and the appendix entitled, “Zipping Files” for guidance
with saving the Lab Report Assistant correctly and zipping the file.
Questions
A. Describe the characteristics of the Mixed Prokaryote and Eukaryote slide photograph that
allowed you to identify the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Use your observations in Data
Table 2 to help explain your answer.
B. Describe the similarities and differences between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
C. How many features were you able to label when viewing the Bacteria Smear slide photograph?
Explain how the size of the bacteria affects the ability to view specific features.
D. Explain the function of cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell membrane, flagellum, fimbriae, and
nucleus. Identify any of these features that are specific to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Version 42-0039-10-02
Lab Report Assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Exercise 1: Comparison of Bacteria, Plant, and Animal
Cells
Data Table 1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Features.
Feature
Figure letter(s)
Found in bacteria,
plants, and/or animals?
Present in prokaryotes,
eukaryotes, or both?
Cytoplasm
G, M, EE
Plants, animals, and
bacteria
Both
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Lysosome
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Flagellum
Capsule
Fimbriae
Questions
A. List the features that are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. What are advantages
provided by these features?
B. List the features found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. What are advantages provided by
these features?
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 2: Observing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Data Table 2. Initial Notes and Observations.
Plant, Animal,
Protist, or Bacteria
Slide
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
General Observations
Spirogyra
Cheek Smear,
Human
Amoeba, Stained
Onion Root Tip
Mitosis
Mixed Prokaryote
& Eukaryote
Bacteria Smear
Data Table 3. Labeled Slides.
Slide
Labeled Photograph(s)
Spirogyra
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cheek Smear, Human
Amoeba, Stained
Onion Root Tip Mitosis
Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Bacteria Smear
Questions
A. Describe the characteristics of the Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote slide photograph that
allowed you to identify the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Use your observations in Data
Table 2 to help explain your answer.
B. Describe the similarities and differences between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
C. How many features were you able to label when viewing the Bacteria Smear slide photograph?
Explain how the size of the bacteria affects the ability to view specific features.
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
D. Explain the function of cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell membrane, flagellum, fimbriae, and
nucleus. Identify any of these features that are specific to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and
Eukaryotic
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Version 42-0039-10-02
Review the safety materials and wear goggles when
working with chemicals. Read the entire exercise
before you begin. Take time to organize the materials
you will need and set aside a safe work space in
which to complete the exercise.
Experiment Summary:
You will learn about cell theory and cell structures
of eukaryotes and prokaryotes. You will differentiate
plant and animal cells and identify the components
of cells and their functions. You will also view various
bacteria, protist, plant, and animal cells.
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Learning Objectives
Upon completion of this laboratory, you will be able to:
●●
Outline the key components of a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell.
●●
Paraphrase the function of a variety of prokaryotic and eukaryotic features.
●●
Outline generalized structures of plant, animal, and bacteria cells.
●●
State the three parts of cell theory.
●●
Observe virtual slide images of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and identify and label their key
features.
●●
Classify cells as prokaryotic or eukaryotic and compare and contrast features of each.
●●
Summarize the key functions of cell organelles.
●●
Classify organisms as prokaryotic or eukaryotic, and use microscope observations to justify
classifications.
●●
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic features.
Time Allocation: 3 hours
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Materials
HOL Supplied Materials
Quantity Item Description
1
Virtual Microscope*
1
Virtual Slides to view:
1- Slide – Amoeba, Stained
1- Slide – Cheek Smear, Human
1- Slide – Onion Root Tip Mitosis
1- Slide – Spirogyra
*The virtual microscope is included in your digital content.
Note: To fully and accurately complete all lab exercises, you will need access to:
1. A computer to upload digital camera images.
2. Basic photo editing software such as Microsoft Word® or PowerPoint®, to add labels, leader
lines, or text to digital photos.
3. Software such as “Snipping Tool,” “5-Clicks,” or any similar program that allows you to capture
digital images of content on your screen.
4. Subject-specific textbook or appropriate reference resources from lecture content or other
suggested resources.
Note: The packaging and/or materials in this LabPaq kit may differ slightly from that which is listed
above. For an exact listing of materials, refer to the Contents List included in your LabPaq kit.
www.HOLscience.com
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©Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Background
Animal Cells, Plant Cells and Cell Theory
All living things are composed of cells, the basic structural and functional unit of living organisms
that are capable of independent functioning. Cells vary in size, generally ranging from 10 µm to
100 µm, with molecules being the smallest and plant cells being the largest in size. See Figure 1.
Figure 1. Plant and animal cell size as compared to molecules, viruses, and bacteria.
One of the basic principles of biology, proposed by Theodor Schwann and Matthais Schleiden in
1836, is cell theory which is defined in the following three statements:
●●
All living organisms are composed of one or more cells, which can be unicellular (one cell)
or multicellular (more than one cell).
●●
The cell is the basic unit of life.
●●
New cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Features central to the understanding of cells are illustrated in diagrams of generalized plant
and animal cells, as shown in Figures 2 and 3 respectively. The functions of these features are
described in Table 1.
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 2. General structure of a plant cell. Notice the presence of the membrane-bound
nucleus. © udaix
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 3. Generalized structure of an animal cell. Notice the presence of the membrane-bound
nucleus. © udaix
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Table 1. Cell Terms and Definitions.
Feature
Capsule
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Chloroplast
Cilium
Cytoplasm
Cytosol
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Fimbriae
Flagellum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosome
Mitochondrion
Nucleus
Ribosome
Description
The sticky layer that surrounds the cell walls of various prokaryotes,
protecting the cell from drying out.
The semi-permeable, living membrane of a cell, separating the interior
cytoplasm of the cell from the surrounding (outside) environment. Animal,
plant, prokaryotic, and fungal cells all contain a cell membrane. It is the
outermost surface of animal cells.
Provides strength and rigidity to the cell. The outermost surface of all cell
types, except for animal cells and protozoa.
The site for photosynthesis in algae and plant cells. An organelle that
contains photosynthetic pigments, including chlorophylls.
Short, small, hair-like organelles which protrude from the surface of some
eukaryotic cells and use rhythmic beating to promote locomotion.
Gel-like substance of the cell located within the cell membrane.
Encompasses the entire contents of the cell, except the nucleus.
The fluid component of the cytoplasm. Cytosol surrounds the organelles in
eukaryotes, and is the location for chemical reactions in prokaryotes.
A network of membranes (smooth and rough), located in the cytoplasm,
that forms a net-like array of channels that function to transport materials.
(Eukaryotes)
Short, fringe-like appendages of prokaryotic cells that function to help the
cell to adhere to a substrate or another cell.
Long, whip-like appendage that protrudes from the surface of a cell and
specializes in locomotion. The flagella of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
differ from one another in both structure and function.
Flat sac involved in intracellular secretion and transport of molecules
synthesized in the cell. (Eukaryotes)
Membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes and acts as
a cell’s “garbage disposal,” digesting foreign materials and worn-out cell
components.
The organelle that supports energy production through cell metabolism
(citric acid cycle and electron transport). Present in all cells except bacteria
cells. The inner membrane forms convoluted folds called cristae which
separate the mitochondrion into two compartments: the inner matrix and
outer compartment.
Membrane-bound organelle that contains the hereditary material of the
cell (DNA). (Only found in eukaryotes).
An organelle located in the cytoplasm (nucleolus) that functions as the site
of protein synthesis. Composed of two units: rRNA and protein molecules.
(Found in all cells)
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Eukaryotes
Cells are divided into one of two major classifications, eukaryotic or prokaryotic. A eukaryotic
cell contains a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles. An organelle is a membrane-bound
structure within a cell that provides a specific cellular function. It is the presence of a nucleus
that gives eukaryotes their name, and is derived from the Greek words eu, meaning “good” and
karyon, which means “nut or kernel.” Organisms that contain eukaryotic cells are referred to as
eukaryotes. All large organisms, including plants, fungi, and animals, are examples of eukaryotes.
Some unicellular organisms are also eukaryotes. See Figures 4 and 5.
Figure 4. Eukaryotes. A. Leaf surface of spiderwort. © Jubal Harshaw B. Volvox colonies. © Jubal
Harshaw C. Vorticella protozoan. © Jubal Harshaw
Figure 5. Phylogenic tree. Notice that humans are eukaryotes, as noted by the “you are here”
arrow in the tree. Image courtesy of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, adapted from
Woese et al. 1990
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Experiment
Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Prokaryotes
A cell that lacks a membrane-bound nucleus is a prokaryotic cell. The word prokaryote is a
combination of the Greek words pro, which means “before,” and karyon, which means “nut or
kernel.” Organisms that contain prokaryotic cells are referred to as prokaryotes. Most prokaryotes
are single-celled, although some are multicellular. Bacteria and archaea are examples of
prokaryotes. Archaea was not discovered as a major domain of life until the late 1970s by Dr.
Carl Woese at the University of Illinois. Archaea was discovered in the hot springs of Yellowstone
National Park, Wyoming. See Figure 6. Archaea inhabits some of the most extreme environments
on Earth, surviving at temperatures over 100°C. The general structure of a bacterium is shown
in Figure 7.
Figure 6. Archaea in a geothermal pool in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming. © James Mattil
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 7. Generalized structure of a bacterial cell. Notice the lack of a membrane-bound
nucleus, as the DNA (both chromosomal and plasmid) is located in the cytoplasm. © ducu59us
Bacteria are very small, unicellular microorganisms which appear singly or in chains. Bacteria
exist in one of three shapes: spherical (cocci), rod-shaped (bacilli), or spiral/curved (spirilla). See
Figure 8.
Figure 8. Bacteria shapes. A. Spherical (cocci). Courtesy of CDC, Janice Haney Carr B. Rod-shaped
(bacilli). Courtesy of CDC, William A. Clark C. Spiral (spirilla). Courtesy of CDC
There are trillions of different types of bacteria, many that are helpful to humans, and many that
are harmful. For example, Salmonella and Escherichia coli (E.coli) are often discussed in news
stories for their food-borne related illnesses in humans, while Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, and
tuberculosis are common bacterial infections in humans. See Figure 9. An example of bacterium
that is helpful to humans is probiotics. Probiotics are live microorganisms, primarily bacteria,
which help to promote healthy bacteria, aiding the immune and digestive systems.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Since 1975, as part of a public health
action, turtles smaller than 4 inches have
been banned in the United States as a result
of their high risk of spreading disease. Turtles
are commonly carriers of Salmonella, and are
not suggested as pets for children under five,
people with compromised immune systems,
or the elderly.
Figure 9. Common bacteria that affect humans. © ducu59us
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 1: Comparison of Bacteria, Plant, and Animal
Cells
In this exercise, you will compare the features of bacteria, plant, and animal cells.
1. For each of the features listed in Data Table 1 of your Lab Report Assistant, indicate the
corresponding letter(s) in Figure 10.
Note: Cytoplasm is included as an example.
Figure 10. Labeled bacteria, plant, and animal cells. © udaix © ducu59us
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2. For each structure in Data Table 1, indicate whether the structure is found in bacteria, plant
cells, and/or animal cells.
3. For each structure in Data Table 1, indicate whether the structure is found prokaryotic cells,
eukaryotic cells, or both.
Questions
A. List the features that are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. What are advantages
provided by these features?
B. List the features found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. What are advantages provided by
these features?
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 2: Observing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
In this exercise, you will observe a variety of histology slides of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
You will classify the organism and label its structural features.
Note: The magnification of the ocular lens (eyepiece) for the V-Scope program is 10X. The total
magnification factor of a microscope is calculated by multiplying the magnification of the ocular lens
with the magnification of the objective lens. When using the V-Scope the total magnification factor
is approximate, as the resolution of your device’s screen may slightly increase or decrease the total
magnification.
1. Open the “V-Scope” folder.
2. Open “START_MICROSCOPE”.
Note: Open the “Quick Start Guide” for a diagram showing how to use the V-Scope program Read
the “Instructions” provided in the dark gray circle before clicking on the slide.
3. Click on the red “power” button to turn on the microscope light.
4. View the slide labeled “Spirogyra” with the virtual microscope. View the slide with the 1X, 4X,
10X, and 20X objective lenses.
Note: If you would like to move the slide on the stage, left click on the image. The cursor will turn
into a hand. While holding the button down, you can move the mouse and drag the image.
5. Use the Background section, a textbook, and/or an Internet source to determine if the
Spirogyra is a protist, plant, animal, or bacteria. Record in Data Table 2 of your Lab Report
Assistant.
6. Use the Background section, a textbook, and/or an Internet source to determine if the
Spirogyra is a prokaryote or eukaryote and record in Data Table 2.
7. Make observations of the specimen including: color(s), shape(s), general size, unique features,
obvious visible structures, etc. Record your general observations in Data Table 2.
8. Capture an image of the slide showing as many features as possible with software such as
“Snipping Tool,” “5-Clicks,” or any similar program that you would like to use that will allow
you to capture a digital image of content on your screen. See Figure 11.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Figure 11. Capture a digital image of content on your screen. A. Identify area to capture. B.
Highlight the area. C. Copy the captured image.
9. Using an image software program, digitally label as many features as possible. Refer to the
appendix entitled “How to Label an Image” for guidance with labeling an image.
Note: Features to look for and label include (if applicable): nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, nucleolus,
endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm, vacuole, cell membrane, etc.
10. Resize and insert the labeled image into Data Table 3 of your Lab Report Assistant. Refer to
the appendix entitled “Resizing an Image” for guidance with resizing an image.
11. View the slide labeled “Cheek Smear, Human” with the virtual microscope. View the slide
with the 1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
12. Repeat steps 5-10.
13. View the slide labeled “Amoeba, Stained” with the virtual microscope. View the slide with the
1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
14. Repeat steps 5-10.
15. View the slide labeled “Onion Root Tip Mitosis” with the virtual microscope. View the slide
with the 1X, 4X, 10X, and 20X objective lenses.
16. Repeat steps 5-10.
17. View the slide photograph of “Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote”, provided in Data Table 3.
18. As this slide contains both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, skip steps 5-6 (as noted by the grayedout boxes in Data Table 2). Make general observations of the slide image and record in Data
Table 2. For this slide, observe and record the color of the prokaryotes and the color of the
eukaryotes.
19. Copy the slide photograph “Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote”, by selecting the image, rightclicking on the image, and selecting the “copy” function. Paste a copy of the image into an
image software program.
20. Using an image software program, digitally label as many features as possible. Make sure that
you label the features of at least 1 prokaryote and 1 eukaryote on the slide.
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21. Resize and insert the labeled photograph into Data Table 3.
22. View the slide photograph of “Bacteria Smear”, provided in Data Table 3.
23. Repeat steps 5-7. In the “General Observations” section, record the bacteria shapes present
on the slide.
24. Copy the slide photograph of “Bacteria Smear” and paste a copy of the image into an image
software program.
25. Digitally label at least 1 spherical (cocci), 1 rod-shaped (bacilli), and 1 spiral/curved (spirilla)
bacteria.
26. Resize and insert the labeled photograph into Data Table 3.
27. When you are finished uploading photos and data into your Lab Report Assistant, save your
file correctly and zip the file so you can send it to your instructor as a smaller file. Refer to the
appendix entitled, “Saving Correctly,” and the appendix entitled, “Zipping Files” for guidance
with saving the Lab Report Assistant correctly and zipping the file.
Questions
A. Describe the characteristics of the Mixed Prokaryote and Eukaryote slide photograph that
allowed you to identify the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Use your observations in Data
Table 2 to help explain your answer.
B. Describe the similarities and differences between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
C. How many features were you able to label when viewing the Bacteria Smear slide photograph?
Explain how the size of the bacteria affects the ability to view specific features.
D. Explain the function of cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell membrane, flagellum, fimbriae, and
nucleus. Identify any of these features that are specific to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Hands-On Labs, Inc.
Version 42-0039-10-02
Lab Report Assistant
This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report
Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables
that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab
reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.
Exercise 1: Comparison of Bacteria, Plant, and Animal
Cells
Data Table 1. Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Features.
Feature
Figure letter(s)
Found in bacteria,
plants, and/or animals?
Present in prokaryotes,
eukaryotes, or both?
Cytoplasm
G, M, EE
Plants, animals, and
bacteria
Both
Nucleus
Golgi Apparatus
Endoplasmic
Reticulum
Mitochondrion
Chloroplast
Ribosome
Lysosome
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Flagellum
Capsule
Fimbriae
Questions
A. List the features that are found in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes. What are advantages
provided by these features?
B. List the features found in prokaryotes but not eukaryotes. What are advantages provided by
these features?
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Exercise 2: Observing Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
Data Table 2. Initial Notes and Observations.
Plant, Animal,
Protist, or Bacteria
Slide
Prokaryote or
Eukaryote
General Observations
Spirogyra
Cheek Smear,
Human
Amoeba, Stained
Onion Root Tip
Mitosis
Mixed Prokaryote
& Eukaryote
Bacteria Smear
Data Table 3. Labeled Slides.
Slide
Labeled Photograph(s)
Spirogyra
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Cheek Smear, Human
Amoeba, Stained
Onion Root Tip Mitosis
Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
Bacteria Smear
Questions
A. Describe the characteristics of the Mixed Prokaryote & Eukaryote slide photograph that
allowed you to identify the prokaryotes and the eukaryotes. Use your observations in Data
Table 2 to help explain your answer.
B. Describe the similarities and differences between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
C. How many features were you able to label when viewing the Bacteria Smear slide photograph?
Explain how the size of the bacteria affects the ability to view specific features.
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Cells: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic
D. Explain the function of cytoplasm, mitochondrion, cell membrane, flagellum, fimbriae, and
nucleus. Identify any of these features that are specific to a prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
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Rating:
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Solution: BIOL 165 - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic