Athabasca BIOL 235 -Erythrocytes contain the enzyme

Assignment 3

Weight: 5%

Minimum Pass Grade: 50%

Each question is worth 10 marks.

1. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete each sentence. Be as specific as possible.

a. Erythrocytes contain the enzyme , which catalyzes the conversion of metabolically produced CO2 and water into .

b. Most old erythrocytes are removed from circulation and destroyed by cells called , as they rupture passing through the narrow capillaries of the organ called the .

c. Undifferentiated cells called reside in the bone marrow, where they continuously divide and to give rise to each of the types of blood cells.

d. The process of leukocytes squeezing through the capillary to exit the vasculature is known as . Once they leave the bloodstream to fight a pathological condition, they never return.

e. The genetically-determined glycoprotein and glycolipid antigens found on the surface of an erythrocyte are called , and a person with agglutinins that react with type A and blood type B has type blood.

f. During embryonic development, ninety-nine percent of the cardiac fibers are specialized for the function called , whereas the remainder is specialized for .

g. The action potential delay at the ensures that atrial excitation and contraction are complete before excitation and contraction commence.

h. The is the volume of blood in the ventricle after ejection has been completed. An increase of this volume occurs when the stroke volume is .

i. The three cations, K+, Ca2+, and Na+ have an important effect of heart function. Increased blood levels of Na+ blocks inflow and results in a decrease in the force of contraction, while an excess of blocks the generation of action potentials.

j. An increase in parasympathetic activity has the following effect on stroke volume: . An increase in parasympathetic activity atrial contractility.

2. A patient has the misfortune to have both diabetes insipidus and Addison’s disease. How will those conditions affect the patient’s ability to regulate blood pressure?

3. In the correct sequence, list the names of the blood vessels and heart’s chambers that an RBC would travel through (or flow into other vessels) on its journey from the muscles located anterior to the right tibia to the heart, then to the left shoulder muscles, and then back to the heart. Take in consideration only the vessels listed in the Study Guide.

4. Describe the activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells and B cells and briefly describe the functions of the differentiated cells.

5. Match the items in column A with the descriptions in column B.

Items in column A can be used only once when making matches to column B.

Column A Column B

1. alveolar macrophages

2. alveoli

3. Bohr effect

4. bronchi

5. bronchiole

6. cerebral cortex

7. chloride shift

8. compliance

9. costal breathing

10. Dalton’s law

11. diaphragmatic breathing

12. epiglottis

13. eupnea

14. expiratory reserve volume

15. fauces

16. functional residual capacity

17. Haldane effect

18. Henry’s law

19. hilum

20. hypothalamus

21. inferior, middle, and superior nasal meatuses

22. inspiratory capacity

23. larynx

24. limbic system

25. medulla oblongata

26. nose

27. paranasal sinuses

28. pharynx

29. pleural membranes

30. pons

31. primary bronchus

32. secondary bronchus

33. surface tension

34. surfactant

35. terminal bronchiole

36. tertiary bronchus

37. total lung capacity

38. trachea

39. vital capacity serves as a sound resonating chamber; contains tonsils; directs air inferiorly

passes air from pharynx into windpipe; site of sound production

resonate(s) sound; not part of pharynx

opening from oral cavity into pharynx

carries air to a segment of a lung

carries air directly into a respiratory bronchiole

surround the lungs

reduces surface tension at sites of gas exchange

actual sites of gas exchange

normal, quiet breathing

shallow breathing using just the external intercostal muscles

amount of effort required to expand the lungs and chest wall

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume, usually about 3600 mL in males

tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 4800 mL in males

residual volume + expiratory reserve volume; usually about 2400 mL in males

states that the amount of gas that will dissolve in a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas and its solubility

when pH decreases, O2 saturation of hemoglobin decreases

each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own partial pressure

sets basic rhythm of breathing

includes the pontine respiratory group

6. You eat spaghetti with meatballs in marinara sauce and drink a glass of orange juice. Describe the chemical components of your meal, the digestive events in the mouth, and the content of your stomach one hour after you ingest the meal and juice, and describe what happens to the chemical constituents in the stomach. Describe the digestive processes for each of these nutrients in the small intestine, and the mechanisms for absorption of vitamins, water, and electrolytes.

7. Fill in the words or phrases that best complete the sentence.

a. is the sum of all of the chemical reactions in the body, while refers to chemical reactions that decompose large molecules into smaller ones.

b. is the chemical reaction in which there is a gain of electrons and it is the opposite of .

c. is a coenzyme that carries hydrogen atoms during coupled reactions in the cell.

d. is made primarily in the mitochondria by a process called .

e. is a set of reactions in which there is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid, and is the formation of glucose molecules from noncarbohydrate sources.

f. transport lipids in the bloodstream; they include VLDLs, LDLs, and HDLs. In lipolysis, are split into fatty acids and glycerol.

g. is the molecule that enters the Krebs cycle; it is also used to synthesize fatty acids, ketone bodies, and .

h. is the primary hormone regulating metabolism during the absorptive state; the major task of the state is to maintain the normal blood glucose level.

i. The metabolic rate observed when a fasting individual is resting but awake and is experiencing comfortable conditions is called the . Peripheral allows increased blood flow to superficial tissues of the body to release excess heat.

j. is the most abundant cation in the extracellular fluid; proper levels of this ion are critical for nerve impulse conduction and maintenance of balance.

8. Describe the pressures that affect glomerular filtration, and describe the effects of drinking too much beer on the urinary system.

9. List and briefly describe the mechanisms that prevent acid-base imbalances from appearing in the body. In addition, indicate where each mechanism functions most significantly. (Do not explain any specific chemical reactions.)

10. Describe the path of a sperm cell from the site of its maturation to the site of the acrosomal reaction. Include the major function of each segment in this process and descriptions and functions of fluids added along that path.