American Public University BIOL 133 -Why is sexual reproduction still around

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American Public University BIOL 133 -Why is sexual reproduction still around

Question # 00267729 Posted By: echo7 Updated on: 05/03/2016 10:59 AM Due on: 06/02/2016

Subject Biology Topic General Biology Tutorials:

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Why is sexual reproduction still around? (Choose all that apply)

A. fitness of the population

B. populates areas rapidly

C. cost of meiosis

D. frequency dependent relationship between hosts and parasites

E. limited genetic diversity

Almost all life cycles will have haploid and diploid phases. The transition from haploid to diploid occurs

A.after DNA replication during the S phase of the cell cycle

B.once the origin of replication is complete and the septum has formed

C.during crossing over in prophase I of meiosis

D.when gametes fuse during fertilization

Some cell processes are influenced by multiple signaling pathways that converge on the same molecular targets.
Does this provide a selective advantage to the organism?

A.No. The possibility of getting “mixed signals” creates confusion for the cell.

B.Somewhat. The organism saves energy by not having to synthesize the components for independent pathways, but it runs the risk of having the cell make a mistake in its response to input.

C.It is neutral. There are just a few ways a cell can respond to input anyway, so pathways often have to overlap.

D.Yes. This can enhance the “intelligence” of the cell, by allowing it to integrate information, and respond to certain inputs based on context.

Where are most of the enzymes for the ETC located?

A.outer mitochondrial membrane

B.matrix

C.inner mitochondrial membrane

D.intermembrane space

A human fertilized egg contains one chromosome with HbS, the allele for sickle cell disease, and a homologous chromosome with Hbs, the wildtype allele. It also contains an X and Y chromosome. At what point will meiosis occur to create cells that are either HbS or Hbs ?

A.Within the hour, as fertilization proceeds.

B.Within the week, as embryonic development proceeds.

C.Years later, when gametogenesis proceeds.

D.Decades later, in the grandchildren of this individual.

Inositol phopholipids are (select all that apply)

A. can interact directly with DNA in the nucleus

B. present in large concentrations in the plasma membrane

C. can be converted to second messengers

D. located near membrane-bound receptors

In the Calvin Cycle, carbon from carbon dioxide is fixed to what molecule first?

A.glucose

B.pyruvate

C.3-PGA

D.G3P

E.RuBP

What statement describes protein phosphorylation?

A.cyclic AMP is an inhibitor of protein kinase A

B.serine is often phosphorylated

C.dephosphorylation occurs when ATP is regenerated

D.phosphatase catalyzes a transfer of a phosphate

A newly-discovered butterfly species has a chromosome number of . Match the total number of chromosomes in each type of cell.

A. 14

B. 7

	1. Zygote
	2. Daughter cell after telophase II

In the quest to understand the basis of infertility in humans, researchers have identified a mutation in a gene associated with chiasmata. This protein normally acts to promote homologous recombination.
Why might a defect in homologous recombination have consequences for fertility?

A.Chiasmata are the connections between the centromeres and the centrosomes that pull them to each pole of the daughter cells.

B.Crossover formation is a necessary step in meiosis I to ensure proper chromosome segregation.

C.A checkpoint requires a certain level of genetic variability for meiosis to proceed.

D.The chiasma checkpoint halts the whole process of meiosis if crossovers do not form properly.

When has glucose been broken down from its original 6 carbon molecule to 2 carbon dioxides in the citric acid cycle?

A.oxidation of pyruvate

B.CoA is bound to sulfhydryl group

C.when isocitrate is oxidized to α-Ketoglutarate

D.when α-Ketoglutarate is oxidized to Succinyl CoA

E.condensation of acetyle-CoA with oxaloacetate

To efficiently provide the ideal amount of nitrogen fertilizer, some farmers make use of a “chlorophyll meter” that measures the amount of green light reflected off a leaf.
Why does this provide an indication of whether the plant may need more or less nitrogen?

A.Beta-carotene is composed largely of nitrogen atoms, and has a similar absorption to chlorophyll.

B.Nitrogen gas is green, and photosynthesis uses N2 to run the Calvin cycle.

C.Nitrogen ions form the electrochemical gradient across the thylakoid membrane that drives ATP synthesis.

D.Each chlorophyll molecule contains four nitrogen atoms that surround the Mg2+ ion, and these account for most of the nitrogen in a leaf.

The net results of glycolysis are

A.1 NADH and 1 ATP

B.2 NADH and 2 ATP

C.4 NADH and 2 ATP

D.2 NADH and 4 ATP

What vitamin acts as a coenzyme in cell respiration and is important in alcohol fermentation?

A.thiamine

B.riboflavin

C.niacin

D.pantothenic acid

Which event distinguishes anaphase from anaphase II?

A.Anaphase produces haploid daughter cells and anaphase II results in diploid daughter cells

B.Sister chromatids separated in anaphase II are different while they are identical in anaphase

C.Spindle fibers separate the kinetochores in chromosomes in anaphase.

D.The ploidy level will be reduced in anaphase II.

E.Homologous chromosomes are separated in anaphase and chromosomses are separated in anaphase II

When a ligand binds to a G protein-linked receptor, the G protein

A.binds to a signal molecule

B.releases a hormone

C.is activated

D.hydrolyzes GDP

The electron transport chain between photosystem II and photosystem I generate a proton gradient which drives ATP synthase known as

A.chemiosmosis

B.osmosis

C.diffusion

D.active transport

________ are ligands, which promote cell growth.

A.Apoptosis

B.Inhibitors

C.Growth factors

D.Autoinducers

The majority of the energy remains in what glycolytic final product?

A.NADH

B.ATP

C.pyruvate

D.glyceraldhyde 3-phosphate

E.phosphoenolpyruvate

A How are light reactions related to dark reactions?

A.Light reactions produce ADP and NADP+ and the dark reactions use ADP and NADP+

B.Light reactions produce ATP and NADPH and the dark reactions use ATP and NADPH

C.Dark reactions produce ADP and NADP+ and the light reactions use ADP and NADP+

D.Dark reactions produce ATP and NADPH and the light reactions use ATP and NADPH

What is the relationship between cellular aerobic respiration and photosynthesis?

A.The processes occur in the same organelles

B.They use the same reactants and produce the same products

C.They are inverse of each other

D.They are reverse of each other

C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6H₂O + 6CO₂is an example of ____________. (This question refers to what is occurring on the right side of the reaction.)

A.reduction

B.anabolism

C.synthesis

D.oxidation

Which event may lead to cancer? Select all that apply.

A. gene mutation

B. functioning p53 protein

C. Rb protein phosphorylating

D. Improper replication of DNA during synthesis

E. faulty DNA repair

Damaged DNA can potentially be repaired during which checkpoint. Select all that apply.

A. G₁

B. S

C. G₂

D. G₀

Which sequence best describes apoptosis at the G1 checkpoint?

A.p53 levels rise → p21 production increase → Cdk/cyclin complex is inhibited
B.p21 production increase → Cdk/cyclin complex is inhibited→ p53 levels rise
C.Cdk/cyclin complex is inhibited→ p21 production increase → p53 levels rise
D.Cdk/cyclin complex is inhibited→ p53 levels rise → p21 production increase
E.p53 levels rise → Cdk/cyclin complex is inhibited→ p21 production increase

In a cell with 8 duplicated chromosomes, at which phase do the daughter chromosomes contain single chromatids?

A.Prophase

B.Metaphase

C.Anaphase

D.Telophase

E.Cytokinesis

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American Public University BIOL 133 -Why is sexual reproduction still around

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