| Question 1 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
According to Ivan Pavlov, learning actually occurs when a/an:| A. conditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned response. | | B. neutral stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. | | C. neutral response is paired with a conditioned response. | | D. unconditioned stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus. |
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| Question 2 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Extinction occurs only when you continue to present the:| A. unconditioned stimulus after the conditioned stimulus. | | B. unconditioned stimulus at the same time as the conditioned stimulus. | | C. conditioned stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus. | | D. conditioned stimulus before the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| Question 3 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
The most important aspect of classical conditioning is that the conditioned stimulus becomes a __________ for the unconditioned stimulus.| A. signal | | B. stimulus generalization | | C. stimulus discrimination | | D. higher-order conditioning support |
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| Question 4 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Patty goes to a pizza buffet, after which she comes down with a horrible rash. She visits her doctor who assures her that the rash resulted from overexposure to the sun on the beach that day. After that experience at the buffet, Patty decides never again to eat pizza, her most loved "food group." In Patty's case, pizza has become a/an:| A. unconditional response. | | B. unconditional stimulus. | | C. conditioned response. | | D. conditioned stimulus. |
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| Question 5 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
In classical conditioning the response is typically __________, whereas in operant conditioning the response __________ the environment.| A. learned; has a neutral effect on | | B. unconditional; is reflexive in | | C. reflexive; produces effects on | | D. conditioned; naturally occurs in |
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| Question 6 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
To punish John for clowning around, his teacher makes him sit up front where she can keep an eye on him. John loves attention and secretly has always wanted to sit in the front of the class where he can be the center of attention. John's clowning around behavior:| A. is now an unconditioned response. | | B. will now decrease. | | C. has been effectively punished. | | D. has been positively reinforced. |
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| Question 7 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Erica tries to avoid her boss when he's in a bad mood. To keep out of his way, she spends more time doing dreaded but important paperwork, which she usually puts off as long as she can. Her employer's bad moods have the effect of __________ her attention to the dreaded paperwork.| A. negatively reinforcing | | B. positively reinforcing | | C. positively punishing | | D. negatively punishing |
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| Question 8 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Lynn is tired of the nasty remarks she receives from a female coworker. She has tried talking to the woman, returning nasty remarks, and doing nice little things for her. Nothing has worked. Finally, Lynn decides to ignore the remarks to see if that will extinguish her coworker's rude behavior. To Lynn's surprise, the nasty remarks:| A. stop at once. | | B. increase in intensity. | | C. have been positively reinforced. | | D. keep coming at the same rate. |
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| Question 9 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Punishment, whether positive or negative, __________ the likelihood of a response.| A. constantly gives | | B. changes | | C. decreases | | D. increases |
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| Question 10 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Your coworker Tom used to come by your office every day to discuss his problems. This annoyed you. Besides, you were afraid your boss would start to feel the same way about you as she did about Tom, whom she disliked. It has been hard, but you've been able to extinguish Tom's behavior. Now, three weeks later, he comes in and starts talking about his problems all over again. You are prepared for this, because you:| A. are determined to punish Tom's behavior again. | | B. recognize that these new complaints are unrelated to the previous behavior you disliked. | | C. recognize this as spontaneous recovery that will cease if you don't reinforce Tom's behavior. | | D. realize that Tom's behavior is not extinguishable. |
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| Question 11 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
The phone ringing is an example of a/an:| A. extinction. | | B. stimulus generalization. | | C. stimulus discrimination. | | D. discriminative stimulus. |
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| Question 12 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Your boss comes to your office and hands you a bonus check related to your rate of production. She tells you, "Keep up the good work and you may see more bonuses." With this type of reinforcement schedule, you are most likely to:| A. start producing at a higher rate every day. | | B. get discouraged and slack off. | | C. hold back your production until just before you get your next bonus check. | | D. maintain your normal rate of production. |
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| Question 13 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
To sustain a learned response in someone, it is best for you to reinforce it:| A. continuously. | | B. intermittently. | | C. intermittently at first, then continuously. | | D. at the first sign of spontaneous recovery. |
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| Question 14 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Your dog Mika begs for food at the table, because the kids give her tidbits off their plate. The whole family has decided to stop this begging behavior by agreeing not to give Mika food from the table. Finally, the dog stops begging. When Aunt Sara comes for a visit, she gives the dog a piece of bacon from her plate. Without realizing it, Aunt Sara has __________ Mika's begging behavior, so now the dog will beg even more.| A. negatively reinforced | | B. positively punished | | C. intermittently reinforced | | D. continuously reinforced |
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| Question 15 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
You want to teach your horse to load into a trailer. You don't expect the horse to walk into the trailer on her first try, so you begin by teaching her to walk forward while you tap on her back end, and you reinforce this. Over the next few days, you teach her to walk forward to the trailer, and you reinforce this. After she masters this in three days, you teach her to go into the trailer, and you reinforce this. This behavior procedure is called:| A. shaping. | | B. instinctive drift. | | C. fixed-interval reinforcement. | | D. stimulus discrimination. |
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| Question 16 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
F. Skinner, who has been called the greatest of American psychologists, theorized that:| A. it is unethical to try to improve human behavior by applying behavioral principles. | | B. one's accomplishments are due to mental events, such as motivation. | | C. one's accomplishments are due to personal traits, such as curiosity and a sense of wonder. | | D. free will is an illusion, because we are shaped by our environment and our genes. |
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| Question 17 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
One reason punishment fails to produce the desired effect is that it:| A. is often given too soon after the unacceptable behavior. | | B. teaches what not to do, but it doesn't teach what to do. | | C. gives positive reinforcement to the behavior. | | D. becomes a secondary punisher to the behavior. |
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| Question 18 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Punishing a behavior by ignoring it:| A. works best if you just don't give in. | | B. works best if you also reinforce the alternative behavior you want. | | C. can only lead to worse problems. | | D. will cause an immediate decrease in the behavior. |
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| Question 19 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Which one of the following statements about rewards is TRUE?| A. Identify what you are rewarding in a behavior, because rewards are meaningless if not tied to specific behavior. | | B. You can never reward a child too much. | | C. Rewards are essential in boosting self-esteem, because intrinsic reinforcers, being intangible, are too indirect. | | D. Rewards are necessary because there is no valid place for punishment as a behavioral tool. |
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| Question 20 of 20 | 5.0 Points |
Six-year-old Sandra applies lipstick just like her teenage sister. Sandra acquired this behavior through:| A. stimulus generalization. | | B. classical conditioning. | | C. observational learning. | | D. operant conditioning. |
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Solution: According to Ivan Pavlov, learning actually occurs