psy19 exam 4

. Match the level of moral reasoning with its definition.
(Points : 3)

Potential Matches:

1 : postconventional

2 : conventional

3 : preconventional

Answer

: a concern with the maintenance of the existing rule structure and a respect for authority

: an awareness of the relativism of values and a commitment to either a personal or a universal set of moral principles

: concern with the external consequences of behavior and with the power of those who represent authority

Question 2. 2. In order for later adolescents to be successful in achieving autonomy, ____. (Points : 2) secure attachments must be dissolved they must feel that parents do not accept their need to have their opinions and views they must sense that their parents are no longer committed to their well-being there must be a context of mutual caring, emotional support, and differentiation in the family

Question 3. 3. Living arrangements for 18-24 year-olds changed from the 1960's to the present because fewer 18-24 year-olds ____. (Points : 2) are married and living in their own households today are living in their parents' households in today want to attend college today expected to marry after college in the 1960's than today

Question 4. 4. What is the relationship between sexual orientation and gender identity? (Points : 2) Gay men are androgynous. Lesbians are masculine. Heterosexual men are masculine. Sexual orientation does not predict gender identity.

Question 5. 5. How do students typically change during the college years in their gender-role attitudes? (Points : 2) They become more flexible. They become more traditional. They become increasingly confused about what is best for them. No changes are likely during this period.

Question 6. 6. How does moral judgment change from early school age to later adolescence? (Points : 2) more emphasis on rewards and punishments more emphasis on approval from authority figures more emphasis on principles of social responsibility more emphasis on generative activities

Question 7. 7. The college curriculum can help advance moral reasoning because students experience ____. (Points : 2) information overload failure support for their beliefs differing points of view

Question 8. 8. A moral conflict which requires a choice between doing something helpful for someone else or meeting one's own needs involves a ____. (Points : 2) prohibitive moral judgment postconventional moral judgment prosocial moral judgment conventional moral judgment

Question 9. 9. According to Carol Gilligan, women's reasoning about moral situations differs from that of men in which of the following ways? (Points : 2) Women are more likely to emphasize justice and upholding the law. Men are more likely to emphasize the impact of a decision on friends and family. Women are more concerned about reward and punishment than men. Women are more sensitive than men to the interpersonal context and one's responsibility for others.

Question 10. 10. In the Tiedeman model of career decision making, the last three phases involve ____. (Points : 2) implementation planning clarification counseling

Question 11. 11. The importance one gives to certain content areas of identity, and the salience of some aspects of identity over others contributes to the ____ of identity. (Points : 2) content evaluation moratorium resolution

Question 12. 12. Which of the following statements is most accurate about identity? (Points : 2) The content of identity may change over the life course, but the evaluation component remains constant. The content of identity remains constant but the evaluation changes. Both content and evaluation of identity may change over the life course. Both content and evaluation of identity remain constant over the life course.

Question 13. 13. In James Marcia's model of identity status, ____ consists of a period of role experimentation and active decision making among alternative choices. (Points : 2) crisis commitment salience exploration

Question 14. 14. The identity status characterized by commitment without a period of questioning and exploration is ____. (Points : 2) identity achievement moratorium negative identity foreclosure

Question 15. 15. Which of the following identity statuses is characterized by a period of questioning and crisis followed by the formation of occupational and ideological commitments? (Points : 2) identity achievement identity foreclosure moratorium identity confusion

Question 16. 16. Many young people come to college ready to engage in a period of questioning and personal experimentation. They suspend the need to make commitments. This is described as ____. (Points : 2) negative identity androgyny psychosocial moratorium foreclosure

Question 17. 17. The ability to sustain loyalties freely pledged in spite of the inevitable contradictions and confusions of value systems is referred to as ____. (Points : 2) contamination sacrifice repudiation fidelity

Question 18. 18. Match the concepts to the best definition. (Points : 3) Potential Matches: 1 : competence motivation 2 : self-actualization 3 : self-acceptance Answer : A desire to make optimal use of one's potential. : Achieving a sense of trust in one's ideas and decisions. : Desire to achieve new levels of mastery in behaviors.

Question 19. 19. How do life roles change in adulthood? (Points : 2) Adulthood is the first time one experiences role conflict. Adulthood involves multiple roles that are increasingly complex. Kinship roles begin in adulthood. Adults experience role loss but not role gain.

Question 20. 20. Which term refers to social consensus about the period of life when one should assume or leave certain roles? (Points : 2) norm of reciprocity social clock homogamy self disclosure

Question 21. 21. What is an essential process that promotes growth in Carl Rogers' theory of personality development? (Points : 2) conditional approval reliance on the approval of others experiencing and accepting the authentic self being conscientious

Question 22. 22. In the mate selection process, role compatibility refers to ____. (Points : 2) finding that the partners have mutually supportive career aspirations a sense that the two partners approach a situation in ways that work well together a sense that the partners have similar expectations for the roles of husband and wife the peer group's acceptance of the couple

Question 23. 23. Which of the following is NOT associated with high levels of satisfaction in marriage? (Points : 2) frequent, pleasurable interaction high degree of disclosure agreeing not to have conflicts high levels of disclosure reciprocity

Question 24. 24. The style of interaction in which the probability of a negative remark will be followed by another negative remark as the conversation continues is called ____. (Points : 2) coercive escalation contactful interaction consensus seeking conventional interaction

Question 25. 25. John and Mary are arguing. Mary says “John, it really bothers me when you are rude to my mother.” John replies, “Well, really, she has never liked me and she usually insults me the first chance she gets. Should I just sit there and take it? It may seem like I’m being rude but it’s not like she goes out of her way to be nice to me either.” John is ____________. (Points : 2) validating Mary’s concerns accepting influence from Mary showing contempt for Mary being defensive

Question 26. 26. Fred and Joan are having an argument. Fred says “Listen Joan, you are working way too much. You leave before the kids are awake and come home too exhausted to spend any quality time with me, or them”. Joan replies: “I know what you mean. This has been a really busy time at work and I can see it’s influencing our family. I don’t know what I can do to change things right now, but I do know this has been frustrating for you and the kids. Joan is ______ . (Points : 2) validating Fred's concerns. being diplomatic when introducing a problem with Fred being defensive counterattacking

Question 27. 27. Which of the following is a key finding of Gottman’s research on the interactions of married couples? (Points : 2) When couples in satisfied marriages argue there tends to be at least five positive statements to every one negative statement. When couples in satisfied marriages argue there tends to be about an equal number of positive to negative statements (e.g., there is one positive statement for every one negative statement). When couples in satisfied marriages argue there tends to be no negative statements. Couples in satisfied marriages tend not to argue.

Question 28. 28. Men who entered fatherhood at a later age (after 30) when compared to young and on-time fathers and were considered ____. (Points : 2) less involved with their children more critical of their children regretful about having remained childless for so long more involved in parenthood

Question 29. 29. If a couple had high levels of conflict before a baby's birth, what is likely to occur after the birth? (Points : 2) The level of conflict is likely to decrease. The level of conflict is likely to increase. They are likely to get divorced after the baby's birth. They tend to go into marriage counseling.

Question 30. 30. According to Sternberg, all types of love are a combination of three dimensions: intimacy, commitment, and ____. (Points : 2) disclosure fascination jealousy passion

Question 31. 31. Which of the following best characterizes the core pathology of exclusivity in early adulthood? (Points : 2) an unnatural aspect of intimate relationships a pre-requisite to the achievement of intimacy an unwillingness to seek out new people and experiences an outcome of the career choice more than relationship choice

Question 32. 32. Although income, occupation, and education are important predictors of divorce, when you ask couples about the major cause for their divorce, they frequently cite ____. (Points : 2) alcoholism problems in communication infidelity identity confusion

Question 33. 33. Match the following balancing work and family life terms with examples that illustrate these terms. (Points : 3) Potential Matches: 1 : role overload 2 : role conflict 3 : spillover Answer : As a nurse, Mike finds himself caring for people all day and worrying about who is caring for his frail, elderly mother who is at home without help. : Marilee was just ordered to work late in order to meet a deadline and is frustrated because her son's first football game is tonight. : Micah just became a single parent and was named acting director of his agency while still expected to fulfill the obligations associated with the assistant director role.

Question 34. 34. Which of the following reflects the substantive complexity of a job? (Points : 2) exposure to physical and emotional hazards on-the-job training repetitive technical skills independent judgment and decision making

Question 35. 35. What role does conflict play in a vital marriage? (Points : 2) The partners in a vital marriage do not experience conflict. The partners in a vital marriage can always resolve the conflict. Disagreements in a vital marriage are avoided at all costs. The partners in a vital marriage disagree, but positive statements outnumber negative statements in their interactions.

Question 36. 36. During early and middle childhood, parents ____. (Points : 2) act as educators and gatekeepers anticipate regression to earlier developmental stages criticize work in order to manage the household are not viewed as a resource to their children

Question 37. 37. For most adults who become grandparents, grandchildren symbolize ____. (Points : 2) the lost opportunities of their youth the continuity of their lives into the future the struggle for economic self-sufficiency a sense of industry

Question 38. 38. The sense of responsibility to care for one's aging parents is called ____. (Points : 2) social isolation filial obligation stagnation guilt

Question 39. 39. Who is more likely to provide care for an aging parent? (Points : 2) a grandson a son who doesn't work a daughter a granddaughter

Question 40. 40. Jackie spent most of her time and energy shopping for various clothes and decorations for her home. She had numerous parties in order to show off her possessions and to increase her visibility in various social circles. Which of the following best describes Jackie? (Points : 2) depressed narcissistic generative creative

Question 41. 41. The willingness to abandon old forms or old patterns of doing things in favor of new ways to do things is referred to as ____. (Points : 2) social integration narcissism stagnation creativity

Question 42. 42. Which of the following statements best describes the relationship of life goals and satisfaction in later adulthood? (Points : 2) Older adults continue to set goals and evaluate their satisfaction level. Older adults stop setting goals as they near the end of their life. Older adults tend to set goals, but not assess their degree of satisfaction Older adults evaluate the degree of life satisfaction without setting goals.

Question 43. 43. One reason it is difficult to study the development of intelligence in adulthood is that ____. (Points : 2) intelligence declines with age adults do not participate in studies of intelligence it is difficult to distinguish historical factors from developmental factors most changes are due to genetics

Question 44. 44. ____ is a complex network of information, concepts, and schemes related by associations, knowledge, and use. (Points : 2) Metacognition Short-term memory Fluid intelligence Long-term memory

Question 45. 45. According to your text, neurological loss associated with aging is most damaging to which type of intelligence? (Points : 2) Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Metacognition Behavioral intelligence

Question 46. 46. William is faced with a dilemma about how to find a more efficient way to manage his business. His secretary, who has been working for him for a long time, is making many errors and missing days of work due to family illness. He thinks he should fire her, but she knows a lot about his business and has been a loyal employee. He is trying to find a solution that combines logic, compassion, and practicality. What kind of cognitive capacity does he need? (Points : 2) post formal reasoning crystallized intelligence short-term memory concrete operational thought

Question 47. 47. Research on older widowed women found that the majority of widows show evidence of a high level of ____. (Points : 2) chronic depression learned helplessness self-sufficiency crystallized intelligence

Question 48. 48. Which of the following statements most accurately describes widowers? (Points : 2) Widowers exhibit less emotional attachment to their former spouses than widows. Widowers tend to have higher mortality rates than men who are still married. Widowers experience financial difficulties. Widowers' fluid memory decreases drastically.

Question 49. 49. What is likely to occur for men following widowhood? (Points : 2) The majority of men remarry. The majority of men die within 6 months of their spouse. The majority of men start a new business. The majority of men begin an exercise program.

Question 50. 50. In toddlerhood, children are likely to believe that death is ____. (Points : 2) a natural part of the lifespan permanent reversible imaginary

Question 51. 51. In terms of psychosocial development, ego concerns about death should ____ in later adulthood. (Points : 2) increase decrease stay the same fluctuate

Question 52. 52. The ability to name all the continents of the world is an example of __________. (Points : 2) fluid intelligence crystallized intelligence metacognition behavioral slowing

Question 53. 53. ________ refers to the ability to think, reason, and problem solve that is not dependent on learning and experience. (Points : 2) Fluid intelligence Crystallized intelligence Metacognition Behavioral intelligence

Question 54. 54. In psychosocial theory, the ability to accept the facts of one's life and to face death without great fear is called ____. (Points : 2) despair industry integrity achievement

Question 55. 55. Theresa was nearing the end of her life. She felt a deep sense of regret about some opportunities and paths she chose not to take. She was angry at the way her family, treated her. What state best describes Theresa? (Points : 2) despair isolation inferiority mistrust

Question 56. 56. Which of the following types of reminiscence does NOT appear to be associated with positive adjustment? (Points : 2) obsessive reminiscence instrumental reminiscence integrative reminiscence story telling

Question 57. 57. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census, which of the following is considered the fastest growing age group in the population? (Points : 2) birth to 2 years 12 to 18 years 34 to 60 years 85 and over

Question 58. 58. According to Bernice Neugarten, which of the following is a characteristic of the "old-old"? (Points : 2) They are competent, vigorous, and relatively healthy. They live in their own households. They have suffered major physical or mental decrements which increase their dependence on health and social services. They participate in activities in their communities.

Question 59. 59. Because variations in life experience and fitness among the very old are great, ____ becomes a less useful indicator of functioning in late life. (Points : 2) chronological age health functional independence social participation

Question 60. 60. Which of the following is considered a factor in describing "aging issues" as "women's issues"? (Points : 2) The majority of those 85 years old and over are women. Women are better prepared for aging than men. Men aren't interested in aging issues. Men don't show many physical characteristics of aging.

Question 61. 61. Cora is 73 years old. Her son has observed a relatively sudden change in her tempo of movement recently. She has begun to move more slowly and change position very deliberately. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for her behavior? (Points : 2) This is a purposeful strategy for preventing dizziness brought on by some normal degeneration of the respiratory and circulatory systems. She is too fatigued to move any faster. She is thinking, "At my age why should I rush?" She is showing signs of senility.

Question 62. 62. Which of the following statements concerning food intake in very old age is most accurate? (Points : 2) Because of the reduced need for calories, very old people have less of a chance of malnutrition than younger people. Because of a diminished appetite, the very old person must become more conscientious in selecting foods that will provide the nutritional elements necessary for healthy functioning. Slowed metabolism increases the very old person's need for calories. Because of the increased need for calories, very old people will feel very weak and lose resilience if they keep eating only as much as they have previously.

Question 63. 63. Aging adults tend to be characterized by a gradual slowing in response to stimuli. This is called ____. (Points : 2) loss of resilience sedentary inhibition fatigue behavioral slowing

Question 64. 64. How is behavioral slowing related to processing load? (Points : 2) The greater the processing load, the more likely one is to observe behavioral slowing with age. The greater the processing load, the less likely one is to observe behavioral slowing with age. Processing load is related to behavioral slowing only in younger subjects. Processing load is related to behavioral slowing only in tasks involving motor skills.

Question 65. 65. What does the term norm of reciprocity mean? (Points : 2) You are obliged to return in full value what you receive. You expect to give more than you receive. You expect to receive more when you are young, and to give more when you are old. You and your friends gather all your resources and share them.