(Hedging with forward contracts) the specialty chemical company operates

1. (Hedging with forward contracts) the specialty chemical company operates a crude oil refinery located in New Iberia, la. The company refines crude oil and sells the by-products to companies that make plastic bottles and jugs. The firm is currently planning for its refining needs for one year hence. Specifically, the firm’s analysts estimate that specialty will need to purchase 1 million barrels of crude oil at the end of the current year to provide the feed stock for its refining needs for the coming year. the 1 million barrels of crude will be converted into by-products at an average cost of $20 per barrel that specialty expects to sell for $185 million, or $185 per barrel of crude used. The current spot price of oil is $130 per barrel and specialty has been offered a forward contract by its investment banker to purchase the needed oil for a delivery price in one year of $135 per barrel.



a. Ignoring taxes, what till specialtys profits be if oil prices in one year are as low as $115 or as high $155, assuming that the firm does not enter into the forward contract?

b. If the firm were to enter into the forward contract, demonstrate how this would effectively lock in the firms cost of fuel today, thus hedging the risk of fluctuating crude oil prices of the firms profits for the next year.

Text problem: 1. Firm A has $10,000 in assets entirely financed with equity. Firm B also

has $10,000 in assets, but these assets are financed by $5,000 in debt

(with a 10 percent rate of interest) and $5,000 in equity. Both firms sell

10,000 units of output at $2.50 per unit. The variable costs of production

are $1, and fixed production costs are $12,000. (To ease the calculation,

assume no income tax.)

a. What is the operating income (EBIT) for both firms?

b. What are the earnings after interest?

c. If sales increase by 10 percent to 11,000 units, by what percentage

will each firm’s earnings after interest increase? To answer the question,

determine the earnings after taxes and compute the percentage

increase in these earnings from the answers you derived in part b.

d. Why are the percentage changes different?