{"id":8546,"date":"2020-05-27T06:42:20","date_gmt":"2020-05-27T06:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.homeworkminutes.com\/blog\/?p=8546"},"modified":"2022-12-26T22:20:55","modified_gmt":"2022-12-27T06:20:55","slug":"introduction-to-macromolecules-main-types-with-functions","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.homeworkminutes.com\/blog\/introduction-to-macromolecules-main-types-with-functions\/","title":{"rendered":"Introduction to Macromolecules | Main Types with Functions"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All the living organisms around us are made up of chemical building blocks composed of biological macromolecules. The macromolecules are large polymers composed of smaller units called monomers. To know more about this broad term macromolecules, let\u2019s read on to find the main types and examples of macromolecules.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>What are Macromolecules?<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Macromolecules in biology are the large and complex molecules, formed as a product of smaller molecules like the proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates. The word macromolecules is a polymer, i.e., derived from the Greek word poly (many units). Macromolecules play a primary role in cell structuring and carrying out various functions.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><strong>Types of Macromolecules\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">While studying the types of macromolecules, there are four main types classified under the main head. Here is a brief study of each macromolecule in greater detail.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Carbohydrate\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first type of macromolecule is carbohydrates. These are the sugars and fibers found in food products like fruits, grains, vegetables, and milk products. As per the<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diabetes.org\/nutrition\/understanding-carbs\/get-to-know-carbs\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> American Diabetes Association<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the carbohydrates are the main source of energy for the body made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Being an essential part of the daily nutrients that the body must consume, the intake of carbohydrates should be moderate. According to the National Institutes of Health, on average, a non-diabetic adult must consume 135 grams of calories.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PS:- Each carbohydrate equals four calories.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Functions of Carbohydrate<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide energy to the central nervous system and the muscles<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enable fat metabolism<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They influence mood and memory and perform brain functions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Sources of Carbohydrate<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main sources of carbohydrate include leafy green vegetables, bright, sweet potatoes, berries, whole wheat grain, fruits, etc. The lack of a deficiency of this type of macromolecule causes hyperglycemia.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Lipids<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lipids are a group of structurally and functionally diverse organic compounds that remain insoluble in the water. This is another type of macromolecules that further classify into fats, phospholipids, and steroids. The lipids are hydrophobic molecules that are formed of both carbon and hydrogen.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Functions of Lipids<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage of energy, e.g.:- triglycerides<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Plays hormonal roles such as estrogen and testosterone\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Protects internal organs<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Provide both thermal and electrical insulation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3><strong>Sources of Lipids<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><b>Food High in Unsaturated Fats<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">soybean oil, canola oil, flaxseed, walnuts, and fatty fish<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Foods Rich in Saturated Fat<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">coconut oil, cocoa butter, and palm oil<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Foods With Trans Fat<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">cookies, frozen pizzas, doughnuts, and other deep-fried fast foods\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b>Foods Containing Sterols<\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">chicken liver, beef liver, eggs, and chicken<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Proteins<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proteins are large and complex macromolecules that play a major role in regulating the body\u2019s tissues and organs. These types of macromolecules are composed of smaller units called amino acids.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Functions of Proteins<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here are the functions performed by different types of proteins:-<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Antibodies bind to viruses and bacterias to protect the body<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Enzymes carry out various chemical reactions in the cells<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proteins bind atoms and smaller molecules together to levitate throughout the body<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The type of macromolecule a proper structure and support to the cells<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Sources of Proteins<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The main sources of protein include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, yogurt, tofu, etc.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3><strong>Nucleic Acid\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nucleic acids are another primary macromolecules found in cells and viruses. The two main types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. Nucleotides bind up together to form a five-carbon sugar backbone, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base. The chief role played by nucleic acids are regulation and expression of genes.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA includes phosphate-deoxyribose sugar backbone and the nitrogenous base adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">RNNA includes ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases A, G, C, and uracil (U).\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h4><strong>Functions of Nucleic Acid\u00a0<\/strong><\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Store genetic information and enable protein production<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h4><strong>Sources of Nucleic Acid<\/strong><\/h4>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Vegetables. Beans, peas, lentils, spinach, mushrooms, etc<\/span><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2><strong>The Complete Information on Macromolecules in a Nutshell\u00a0<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<table>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><b>Macromolecule<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Basic Formula, key features<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Monomer<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Examples<\/b><\/td>\n<td><b>Uses<\/b><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Proteins<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> CHON<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2212NH<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">2<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> + \u2212COOH +R group<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Amino acids<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">meat, poultry, fish, eggs, legumes, and yogurt<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Storage; Signals; Structural; Defensive; Enzyme; Transport;\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lipids<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> C:H:O<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Greater than 2:1 H:O (carboxyl group)<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Fatty acid and glycerol<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Butter, oil, cholesterol,\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy storage; Protection of internal organs; Storage of energy;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Carbohydrates<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">C:H:O<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">1:2:1<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Monosaccharides<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Glucose, Fructose, Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Energy storage; Structure; enable fat metabolism\u00a0<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nucleic Acids<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">CHONP<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">pentose, nitrogenous base, phosphate<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Nucleotides<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">DNA, RNA<\/span><\/td>\n<td><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stores genetic information;<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3><\/h3>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>All the living organisms around us are made up of chemical building blocks composed of biological macromolecules. The macromolecules are large polymers composed of smaller&#8230;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":8547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":"","_wp_rev_ctl_limit":""},"categories":[41],"tags":[513,512],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Introduction to Macromolecules | Main Types with Functions<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Macromolecules in biology are the large and complex molecules. 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